Environment Water of Ukraine

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                        Abstract 
                          Theme: "Environment Water of Ukraine"

 

Water resources Ukraine 
 
Water is part of the biosphere all organisms, including those of the human body. In it she plays the role of a structural component, solvent and carrier of nutrients by the biochemical processes of heat exchange regulator with the environment. The availability of water depends on the livelihoods of all living organisms. Water regulates the planet's climate, providing economic and industrial activities of people. All water resources are divided into underground, surface and atmospheric. They differ in composition as well as for recreational and medicinal properties, commercial use. 
In the face of increasing water scarcity, water at present is one of the most important factors of economic development. Clean fresh water is a valuable and increasingly limited resource. Deficiency of fresh water brings to the agenda the implementation of measures to their management and comprehensive conservation. This issue is extremely topical in Ukraine, which is relatively poorly secured water resources, especially freshwater resources. 
The leading role in meeting the needs of the economy and population of fresh water rivers belongs. In Ukraine there are about 73 thousand. Rivers, mostly small, only about 125 of them longer than 100 kilometers. Most of the rivers are basins of the Black and Azov Seas. Only a small northwestern and extreme western part of Ukraine belongs to the Baltic Basin. One of the major waterways of Ukraine that its upper part flows through Russia and Belarus are the Dnieper - the third largest (after the Volga and the Danube) river in Europe. In Ukraine Dnieper basin covers 65% of the country. Water resources are estimated at shallow Dnieper year 35 km3, with an average water content of its stock is 53.5 km3. 
The river originates in the north-west - in the Valdai Hills,

 

 

 

 

where a small brook flows on marsh moss Akseninskyy array. Further, popovnyuyuchys along its 2283 kilometer journey (including 1120 km. Ukraine) numerous tributaries, flows into Dnipro estuary - North Bay Black Sea, an area of ​​800 km2 and a depth of 5 - 8 m. This is connected with a narrow estuary ( 10 km.) and extended (50 km.) Bug estuary (last fall Ingul and Southern Bug) and creates the Dnieper-Bug estuary. Narrow 3 - kilometer Strait near the town. Ochakov Dnieper-Bug estuary connects the Black Sea. In connection with the selection of a large number Dnieper water - about 30% - for the irrigation needs of industry and Housing - their entering the estuary fewer. Because salinity in the Dnieper - Bug estuary increases. 
Dnepr powered 32 thousand. Waterways, including more than 1,000 rivers. Length only 90 of them exceeding 100 km. Right tributary of the Dnieper is Pripyat (it flows 420 rivers, the largest of them is the right tributaries flowing through Ukraine - Turia, Stokhid, Styr, Goryn, Stryvaha, Ubot, Oh et al.), A beetle, Irpen, Ros, Olshanka, Tyasmyn, Wet Sura, Tomakivka, Bazovluk, Ingulets. The left tributary of the Dnieper River - a river Sozh, Desna, Trubizh, Supoy, Zolotonoshka, Sula, Psel, Vorskla, Orel, Samara. In southern Ukraine, sharply reduced the number of tributaries. The main flow of the Dnieper formed in the more humid northern areas. In many places in the southern part of the Dnieper, where, as already mentioned, much less rain falls, a tributary of the Dnieper almost absent. This is particularly true of the left bank of estuaries, where the absent permanent watercourses. About 60 - 80% of runoff falls on the spring. 
There is a certain territorial differences in the sources of the flow of the Dnieper. In the upper reaches of the prevailing snow (50%), rain (20%) and underground power. In the lower reaches of the main (80 - 90%) is the snow supply. The width of the top of the Dnieper in Ukraine (excluding reservoirs) is 90 - 700 m., From Kyiv to Dnipropetrovsk - 300 -

 

1500 m. Here Dnipro from Kherson is divided into several branches and many mouths flows into Dnipro estuary. As a result of the construction of large reservoirs Dnieper (length of coastline is more than 3 thousand. Km.), The water level in the river rose to 1 - 15 m. This led to flooding of large areas, especially the humble areas that actually retiring from active agricultural use. Mostly these riverine relatively good wet land that had previously been used extensively in agriculture. Flooding the largest manifested in riparian regions of Kyiv, Cherkasy, Kirovohrad, Poltava, Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporozhye and Kherson regions. Increased groundwater has led to almost a fifth of flooded areas Ukraine. In southern pidtoplyuyetsya same areas over 75% of irrigated land where enhanced soil salinization. He reached 60 - 80% of certain regions of the territory. 
The second length (after Volga) river Danube is Europe, which is at the bottom (175 km.) Takes place on the border of Ukraine and Romania. This follows from the Black Forest (Germany) and flows through ten countries - Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine. Its length is 2960 km. Basin area 817 thousand. Km2, which is 213 thousand. Km2 more than the area of ​​Ukraine. The river freezes only in cold winters, 40 - 60 days a year. Within Ukraine are large in size flowing Danube (15 thousand. Ha) representing about 10% of the total area. It is home to over 100 species of fish. The bottom of the river mouth forms (sleeves). Within Ukraine is Chilia arm, beyond - and George Sulymske mouth. There are significant energy rivers, some of which are used (hidroenerhopotentsial overall average for the water content is estimated at 42 billion. KW / h.). Major tributaries of the Danube are Tisa and Prut. In the lower part are large floodplain lakes Cahul, Yalpug of Kugurluy, Katlabuh that are relevant to the Danube. The great river that flows in the western part of Ukraine, is the Dniester. Its length is 1362 km., Including in Ukraine - 705 km. Basin area is 72.1 thousand. Km². This follows on the outskirts of the village. Wolf, near the city. The Turks Lviv region. In the upper reaches of the Dniester is a typical mountain river. Characterized by a significant drop in the narrow winding channel, steep rocky slopes and steep valleys and their great heights (70 - 100 m.). In the mountainous part Dniester is powered by a dense network of small rivers and streams, where the water content at different times varies widely depending on rainfall. At a considerable distance below the city. Sambora Dniester shall typical features plain river - with wide (12 - 15 km.), Mostly swampy valleys, slower flow of water, low shores. In the Carpathian mountains and plains in Pyeredkarpattya Dniester tributaries are flowing: the left bank - Stryvihor, Vereshchytsia, bison, Krivulya, Svirzh, rotten Lime, Lime Gold, Koropets Strypa, Dzhuryn, Seret, Nichlava. Right Bank: Bistrita, Tismenitsa Kolodnytsya, Stryi, Berezhnytsya, Candle, Bolohivka, Limnytsya, Lukva, Bistrita-Solotvynska, Bistrita-Nadviryanska. 
Further down the Dnieper River up to the border with Ukraine Moldova left his substantial inflows in Ukraine available. This is because the southeast of Ivano-Frankivsk is the watershed of the Dniester district. Rod (and this divide is near the Dniester). Then left tributaries of the Dniester River in the vicinity of its passing through the south-eastern part of Podolsk Upland is Zbruch Zhvanchyk, canyon, Muksha, Ternava, Studenica, Ushytsya, callus, Zhvan, Karaets, Liadov, Nemyya, flogged, Murafa. Downstream in flowing Dniester Rusava, Kamenka, milk, Ribnita, Yahorlyk, Tomashlyk, Komarivka. From left tributaries in this shade are tributaries Reut Ikel, Ishkovets, Botnia. Dniester forms in its lower reaches large (360 km2) mostly freshwater Dniester estuary, closed from the Black Sea sandy "shaft" - in width from a few dozen to several hundred meters.

In the south-western part of the estuary is connected with the sea depth Tsarehradskym mouth. A large area (more than 48 km2) occupy Dniester marshes. In the northern part of the estuary salinity increases (to 15 - 17% o). Lyman rich in fish and crayfish. Its West coast - an area of ​​rest and treatment. Here is Belgorod-Dniester seaport. Average long-Dniester basin runoff decreases in the southeast direction - from 20 - 30 0.5 - 1 liter / sec. km2. 
Quite a large waterway, located in the south-western part of Ukraine is the Southern Bug. This follows in the village. Pools on the watershed Sluch and Zbruch at an altitude of 320 m. Passes through Khmelnytsky, Kirovohrad and Mykolayiv region. in the south-east between the Podolsk Upland in the south-west and Dnieper Plateau in the northeast and effectively separating the hill. The length of the river is around 800 km; its basin area is 63.5 thousand. km2. On his way Southern Bug prorizuye narrow and deep valley south-western part of the Ukrainian shield. Near the town of Pervomayskaya, Oleksandrivka and some other localities of the Southern Bug banks shall kanoyonopodibnyh forms. Here the river valley narrows to 100 - 150 m., A decline of water is increased to 2 m. 1 km. length. Here m. Pervomayskaya Southern Bug acquires features low-lying river: its moist valley expands, the current slows. Near the settlement Novopetrovskoho river flows into the Bug estuary. 
In the extreme east of the republic takes influx Don - Seversky Donets. It originates from Serednoruskoyi hill. In Ukraine its length is 950 km. Spring river flowing (accounting for over 70% of the flow), autumn and winter - milli. The main tributaries of the Seversky Donets Oskol is (436 km.), Aidar (256 km.) Luganka (196 km.), State Butt (129 km.) And others. As a result, local topography and the climate in Ukraine has developed significant spatial differentiation density of river net. The maximum value observed her in the Carpathians and Transcarpathia (over 1.5 km. Per 1 km2) in the Carpathian region (0.7 km. At - 1.5 km2). In most of the Ukraine vast river mesh density is 0.2 - 0.5 km. 1 km2. In Khmelnytsky, Vinnytsia and partly in the Lviv region, on the southern coast of the Crimea and in the center of Donetsk range this density reaches 0,51 - 0,7 km. 1 km2. Low density of river, net (0.2 km. Per 1 km2.) Takes place on the Black Sea Lowland, between two rivers Desna and Sula and in the far north-east Ukraine. In the large area between two rivers Dnieper-river Molochnyanskoho net is virtually absent. 
Significant reserves of water resources are concentrated in Ukraine lakes, which are more than 3 thousand., Including 30 lakes area of ​​10 km2 and more. They (and in estuaries) accumulates about 11 km2 of water, from which 2.5 km2 - fresh. Ukraine has also created more than 1,057 reservoirs and more than 27 thousand. Ponds. Natural lakes are located in Polesie (Svityaz 24.2 km2; Pulemetske 16,3km2; Turske 13,5km2), lakes and estuaries in the basin of the Danube (Yalpug 149 km2, Cahul 90 km2, Kuhurlay 82 km2), on the Black Sea (or Sasyk Kunduk 210 km2, Tiligulskiy about 160 km2, Alibey 72 km2, 70 km2 Khadzhybeysky; Shahany 70 km2, 61 km2 Kuialnyk; Budatskyy 30 km2), on the Crimean peninsula (Sasyk-Siwash 76.3 km2; Donuzlav 48.2 km2, 37 Ayhulske 5 km2, Aktaske 26.8 km2; Uzunlarskoye 21.2 km2; Kyrleutske 20.8 km2; Tobechytske 18.7 km2; Kyyatske 12.5 km2, old 12.2 km2), on the Azov Sea (Milk 170 km2) . The largest is the Dnieper in Ukraine (860 km2) and Dniester (360 km2) estuaries. The total reserves of fresh water in the reservoirs (both natural and artificial) large. The largest artificial reservoir created on the Dnieper. This Kiev (water surface area of ​​922 km2), Kaniv (582 km2), Kremenchuk (2252 km2) Dniprodzerginsky (567 km2), Dnieper (Zaporizhia) (410 km2) and Kakhovske (2155 km2) Reservoir. There are also large Dniester (142 km2), Seversky Donets on Pecheniz'ke (86.2 km2) Chervonooskolske at Oskol (123 km2) Ladyzhenskii on the Southern Bug (20.8 km2) STAROBESHIVSKA on Kalmius (8.3 km2) KARACHAYEVSKY on Inhulets (4.4 km2) in Simferopol Salgir (3.23 km2), partisan to Alma (2.25 km2).

 

In Ukraine there are considerable tracts of swamp, the area in which the result of large-scale reclamation work significantly reduced. The total area of ​​wetlands Ukraine is 1.2 mln. Ha, including peat almost 1 mln. Ha. The vast majority of them located in Polesie, especially in Polissya, where bogs is 11% (in the whole Ukraine 1.7%, around Polesie - 6.5%). 
Almost half of all wetlands drained and Ukraine mainly used as grasslands (meadows, pastures). Neosusheni swamps are widely used to collect berries - cranberries, blueberries, and medicinal plants. In recent years in connection with the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, which led to an increase in radioactivity in the surrounding areas of Polissya, economic use of its marsh arrays dramatically reduced. Many wetlands - (70 arrays), which is about 125 thousand. Ha, or 10% of Ukraine wetlands, protected. Wetlands play a crucial role vodoakumulyatyvnu and water protection. 
A special place belongs groundwater. They are the most friendly and therefore mainly used to meet the needs of the population. Groundwater resources in Ukraine is 5.6 km³ and are concentrated mainly in the West (2.3 km³) and Eastern (2.4 km³). Depth: underground artesian water increases from north (100 - 150 m.) To the south (500 - 600 m.). Most of these water resources is concentrated in the western and northern parts of Ukraine. 
Explored more than 800 deposits of fresh water; They are concentrated in about one third of forecasted water resources. With per capita Ukraine accounted for 1.1 m3 / day of drinking water, including in the North, the better vodozabezpechenyh areas - in 2 - 3 times higher in the south - in 2 - 3 times less. The best drinking water provided Volyn, Rivne, Chernihiv, Sumy region, as well as the northern territory of Kyiv and Poltava regions. In industrialized Donbas and Dnieper regions has deteriorated the quality of drinking water. Groundwater located throughout Ukraine. According to geological structure and characteristics of historical and geological development in Ukraine is separated between a number of geological areas, groundwater are characterized by certain differences in chemical composition, size of stocks, the depth and more. This province folded region Ukrainian crystalline massif, the Dnieper-Donetsk artesian basin, Volyn-Podillya artesian basin, the Black Sea artesian basin, Donetsk Province folded region, province folded region of the Carpathians and the province folded region of the mountain area. Black and Azov seas washed almost a 2 thousand. Km. southern Ukraine and play an important role in the development and specialization of its economy. And in them are needed to man the animal species and plant material, valuable mineral resources. Sea are of great strategic importance. Black Sea (about 420.3 thousand km 2) is connected through the Bosporus and Dardanelles with the Mediterranean. Most are shallow and populated northern part of the Black Sea, which is due to shallow (80 - 120 m.) And get in the summer warm fresh river water warms better. Temperature of sea water on the surface in summer ranges from 25 - 27 to 20 - 24 ° C, in winter - from 8 to -0,5 ° C, the temperature at a depth of almost constant. The maximum length of the Black Sea from east to west is 1160 km., From north to south - 600 km. The length of the coast about 3.4 thousand km., Including in Ukraine - 1540 km. Sea is characterized by relatively small porizanistyu coast. On its shores are many estuaries, including such large as Dniester (length 40 km., Width 5 - 10 km.), Dnieper (respectively 60 and 5 - 20 km.) And the Southern Buh (45 km. And 2 - 5 km.). Between the Danube and the Dnieper hosted a number of estuaries - Khadzhybeysky, Kuialnyk, Tiligulskiy. Black Sea waters rich in hydrogen sulfide, which covered 87% of water. Bezsirkovodnevyy layer of water is at the top and its thickness varies between 100 - 200 m., And this thickness is less in shallow areas of the northern part of the basin (100 - 155 m.). Black Sea water salinity varies; it varies depending on the depth and in regional terms. At a considerable distance from the coast salinity reaches 18 - 18.5% o, near the mouth of the year - 1 - 10% o (average salinity of 14% o). Azov Sea (39.1 thousand. Km2) is the most shallow sea basin, actually gulf of the Black Sea, which is connected to it by a narrow (4 - 13 km.) Kerch Bay. The average depth of the sea - 7 - 10 m., Maximum 13.5 m. The length of its north-east to south-west is 360 km. The Azov Sea has several bays. The largest among them is the Taganrog and Temryutska. Unique is shallow (depth of about 1 m.) Sivash Bay, located in the western part of the sea. It is separated from the Sea of ​​Azov lingering (112 km.), Narrow (270 m.) Arabat Spit. As a result, actual isolation from the sea (gulf little connection with the sea in the north is Arabatskaya arrows) in the Gulf Sivash created hydrological conditions that differ significantly from the basic hydrological conditions of the basin. For example, the average salinity of the central part of the Sea of ​​Azov is 11 - 13% o, Coastal - 2 - at 10%, meaning it is much lower than the salinity of the Black Sea waters. The largest tributaries of the Azov Sea is Don, Kuban, Mius, Kalmius flowing into the eastern and north-eastern parts, where most of desalinating sea water, enriching them with nutrients and increasing temperature. 
 
                                              The ecological state of water resources Ukraine

 

Briefly consider the ecological status of water bodies of Ukraine. The rivers Dnieper and Dniester is the largest freshwater countries in the basin are home to 80% of the population. These rivers have long had great biological productivity, and their natural resources consumed by millions of people. With intensive development of industry, agriculture and Housing was built more than 800 reservoirs, including 13 with a volume of over 100 million. M3, significantly increased fresh water consumption and wastewater discharge. For the needs of industry and agriculture of the Dnieper selected each year about 15 billion. M3 of water and throw it about 10 billion. M3 of sewage. In the atmosphere of the pool annually emitted more than 10 mln. T. Of gas and dust pollution from industrial facilities. In the Dnieper basin are 5 nuclear power plants. In wastewater contained excessive amount of oil products, phenols, heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides. 
Considerable damage caused PRYDNIPROViaIa construction of six thermal power plants and reservoirs that flooded nearly 700 thousand. Hectares of fertile wetlands (about 2.1% of the total area of ​​Ukraine). As a result of the construction mode Dnipro close to stagnant lake. Sharply reduced water exchange and created stagnant zone. Rick lost the ability to self-clean. Got up groundwater level is far from the coast. Increased salinization of soils. Almost ten times increased volume of underground water flow. At the bottom of the basin irrigation changed the water-salt regime of soils decreased humus content in the soil and increased erosion of the coastal zone. As a result of the destruction of underwater gardens and gardens annually lost 3-4 mln. Tons. Fruit and vegetables and about 1 mln. T. Grain. Environmental, energy and fisheries benefit from the creation of small reservoirs, and now they have turned into giant industrial and domestic storage dirt. Almost half of the annual runoff of the Dnieper dirty. Most polluted tributaries of the Dnieper mainly ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, phenols, petroleum compounds and heavy metals. The highest levels of contamination found in water river mouths, Turia, Wet Moskovka, particularly copper and zinc compounds, the maximum concentration are equal respectively 30-35 and 14-19 MAC. The high content of copper (44-17 MAC) and manganese was observed in the waters Goryn (Str. Orzhiv), black grouse (c. Zhitomir) Hnylop'yati (m. Berdichev), Desna (c. Chernigov) in Kanev Reservoir near. Kyiv. 
In the basin. The Danube observed high nitrate pollution with nitrogen compounds of zinc, manganese and petroleum, p. Dniester - nitrate nitrogen, compounds of copper, zinc and manganese. Is particularly polluted tributaries of the Dniester - the river Tismenitsya, Candle, Chechva, Bistrita-Solotvynska, Gold Linden, Koropets, Seret - ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, phenols and copper compounds and zinc. Dniester cause enormous damage contaminated with pesticides and nitrate runoff from the fields of industrial emissions concerns "vinyl chloride" (Kalush), "Ukrcement" (Kamyanets Podolsky), "Ukrnaftohim" and others.

In extremely poor ecological condition of the Azov Sea. Environmental degradation caused by the construction of dams and reservoirs on the rivers Don and Kuban, feeding the sea, the introduction of irrigation farming and rice cultivation in coastal areas, resettlement of large water intakes in the basins of the Don and Kuban each year nedodayut the Sea of ​​Azov 10-15 km3 of fresh water. The increase pollution emissions of the chemical and metallurgical industries (Rostov, Taganrog, Mariupol, Donetsk), pesticides washed from the fields of construction and numerous recreation centers also contributed to the deterioration of ecological status and led to a sharp decrease in biological productivity of ecosystems. So, catch fish, which 50 years ago was 40 times greater than the Black and Baltic Seas combined, decreased 40 times. 
In the Black Sea is gradually rising to the surface limit saturated with hydrogen sulfide deep water. Previously she was at a depth of 150-200 m., Now - 80-110 m. Great danger is powerful Portal Plants and southern port near Odessa. Here, in particular, concentrated and produced huge amounts of liquid ammonia, ammonia pipeline operated by powerful Odessa - Togliatti. Significantly worse water quality in the Dniester and Dnieper estuaries, bays Karkinitsky and Kalamitsky and in Sasykskomu reservoir. Shelf of the Black Sea water contaminated poorly treated domestic waste waters of the towns located on the coast. As a result of poor sanitary condition often closed beaches of these cities. Small river polluted much more than great. They have a low resistance and low potential for self-cleaning. So, faster degraded small rivers. Pollution of surface water significantly affects the quality of groundwater. Most poor qualitative status of groundwater in southern Ukraine: Odesa, Mykolaiv, Kherson and Zaporizhia regions and the Crimea. Excess pesticide contamination observed in Vinnytsia, Zhytomyr, Luhansk and Mykolaiv oblasts and Crimea. Nitrate pollution exceeds MPC, celebrated almost all over Ukraine, except for its western regions.

 

 

The overall conclusion 
 
The problem of water - one of the major problems in Ukraine today. Particularly acute issue of providing the population with quality drinking water. Protection of water resources depends primarily on a sound and consistent state policy on what measures the government will take. Of course the biggest reason for which is water pollution - is obsolete equipment in various enterprises, in many cases, no treatment devices and filters, to contaminated water did not get into the environment. Very often, even if one is, it is not effective. To become disastrous necessary to reduce the emission of harmful substances into rivers, seas and lakes. Furthermore, you need an effective monitoring system for enterprises, in order to reduce the amount of pollutants discharged into water. Enter in the production of new, more modern system of water purification. And of course, not be possible to rectify the situation, everyone will understand that it depends on water conservation, but also the biosphere as a whole.

 

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