Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 12 Мая 2013 в 15:02, реферат
The subject of stylistics has so far not been definitely outlined. This is due to a number of reasons.
First of all there is a confusion between the terms style and stylistics. The first concept is so broad that it is hardly possible to regard it as a term. We speak of style in architecture, literature, behaviour, linguistics, dress and other fields of human activity
Even in linguistics the word style is used so widely that it needs interpretation. The majority of linguists who deal with the subject of style agree that the term applies to the following fields of investigation.:
1) the aesthetic function of language;
2) expressive means in language;
3) synonymous ways of rendering one and the same idea;
7. Discuss the form of the poem, its rhythm and rhyme.
8. Summing up the analysis speak about the message of the poem and the main SDs employed by the poet.
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
SONNET 116
1. Let me not to the marriage of true minds.
2. Admit impediments. Love is not love.
3. Which alters when it alteration finds.
4. Or bends with the remover to remove.
5. O, no! it is an ever-fixed mark.
6. That looks on tempests, and is never shaken.
7. It is the star to every wandering bark.
8. Whose worth's unknown, although his height be taken.
9. Love's not Time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks.
10. Within his bending sickle's compass come.
11. Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks.
12. But bears it out even to the edge of doom.
13. If this be error and upon me proved.
14. I never writ, nor man ever loved.
1. Be ready to paraphrase and interpret any part of the sonnet.
2. Speak on the idea of the sonnet.
3. Discuss the structure of the sonnet.
4. Find the modifiers of rhythm that are used in the sonnet and comment on them.
5. Speak on the rhymes of the sonnet: a) cases of imperfect rhyme; b) the rhyme of the epigrammatic lines.
6. Discuss the idea of the epigrammatic lines.
7. Find cases of metaphors and metaphoric periphrases employed in the sonnet and comment on them.
8. Discuss the SD used by the poet in the description of Time.
9. Find cases of alliteration (and other sound repetition) that help to bring out the idea of the sonnet (lines 3,4).
10. State the stylistic function of the interjections: "O, no!" (lines 5).
11. Summing up the analysis of the sonnet speak on the poet's conception of love and the various SDs used to bring the poet's idea home. Express your own attitude to the subject.
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH
THE DAFFODILS
I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o'er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils.
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
Continuous as the stars that shine
And twinkle on the Milky Way,
They stretched in never-ending line
Along the margin of a bay:
Ten thousand saw I at a glance
Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.
The waves beside them danced, but they
Out-did the sparkling waves in glee:
A poet could not but be gay
In such a jocund company!
I gazed - and gazed - but little thought
What wealth the show to me had brought:
For oft, when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude;
And then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the daffodils.
1. Analyse the rhythmical arrangement and rhymes of the poem.
2. Comment on the contextual meanings of the metaphor "dance" (and "dancing") in the poem and its stylistic function.
3. Speak on the epithets and metaphors used to describe flowers in the poem.
4. Speak on the SDs employed to characterize the state of mind of the poet.
5. Summing up the analysis say what SDs are used to describe nature and what is the poet's attitude to it.
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
SONNET73
1. That time of year thou mayst in me behold
2. When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang
3. Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,
4. Bare ruin'd choirs, where late the sweet birds sang.
5. In me thou see'st the twilight of such day
6. As after sunset fadeth in the west,
7. Which by and by black night doth take away,
8. Death's second self, that seals up all in rest.
9. In me thou see'st the glowing of such fire
10. That on the ashes of his youth doth lie,
11. As the death-bed whereon it must expire
12. Consumed with that which it was nourish'd by.
13. This thou perceivest, which makes thy love more strong
14. To love that well which thou must leave ere long.
1. Read the sonnet and be ready to translate and paraphrase any part of it.
2. Speak on the structure of the sonnet.
3. Speak on the idea of the sonnet and on the images the poet resorts to in describing his decline.
4. Comment on the implication in the phrase "consumed with that which it was nourish'd by". Note the contrast between the words "to consume" and "to nourish", which are contextual antonyms here.
5. Discuss the thought expressed in the epigrammatic lines of the sonnet.
6. Comment on the following assertion made by a critic that "Shakespeare thought in terms of metaphors".
7. Discuss the use of metaphors in the sonnet. Use the following questions as a guide: a) What kinds of metaphors are used in the sonnet? b) From where does the poet draw his metaphors? c) What idea is revealed through the metaphors employed in the sonnet?
8. Иск out the cases where periphrasis is used, and comment on them.
9. State what SDs are used in the poet's description of night (lines 7,8) and comment on them.
10. Pick out the archaic words and forms which occur in the sonnet and explair use there.
11. State what syntactical SD is used in the first line of the sonnet, find similar cases (lines 5, 9, 13) and comment on them.
12. Pick out cases of parallelism and discuss the function of this SD in the sonnet.
13. Note deviations from the conventional rhythmical pattern (in line 8) and comment on them.
14. Discuss the possible use of a modifier of rhythm (spondee) in line 14: 'To love that well which thou must leave ere long".
15. Summing up the analysis of the sonnet speak on its message and the main SDs used by the poet to achieve the desired effect.
CONTENTS
General Notes on Styles and Stylistics....................
Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices....................7
Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices .................... 10
Syntactical Stylistic Devices ..............................
Functional Styles of the English Language......................
Assignments for stylistic analysis......................