Peculiarities of psycho-linguistic classification of translation

The Stuart period of English history, however, saw an almost immediate burgeoning of interest in Plato, especially the theme of Platonic love which runs through so much Stuart literature, though there still did not exist an English translation of any of Plato's works, even as a school text. 1675 saw the appearance of the first English translations of authentic dialogues of Plato: the Apology and Phaedo, translated by an anonymous hand and published in London. Platonisme unveiled, an English translation of a French work, signaled the end of the high interest in Plato in England.

While general interest in Plato dwindled, the strong tendency in 18th century Britain to link schooling and scholarship with the Classics did result in more English translations of Plato, and approximately twenty Platonic dialogues were translated by different scholars over the course of the century. Also appearing in the 18th century was an English abridged edition of the complete works, but this translation was based on the French text of Dacier, rather than the original Greek. It is only in the nineteenth century that Plato's complete works are translated directly from the Greek into English, the first edition being that of Thomas Taylor [consult Special Collections], which is shown below.

What is a translation? Let's try to understand. The concept of transfer means the interpretation of certain texts in the original language and the creation of a suitable equivalent of the text in another language. In other words, the translation is the expression of thought, which was described in one language with grammatical and stylistic features of another language. It is logical to assume that the transfer originated at a time when the earth appeared the first polyglot tribes.

Another problem, which for years has been the subject of disputes of scientists from different countries, is a classification of the translation. Over time, the translation of documents classified by the method of play or read. However, this classification does not satisfy all the scientists, as in the translation process works a range of mental mechanisms:

-mechanisms of memory;

-mechanisms for transfer of registration;

-mechanisms of perception of the source text;

-mechanisms of transition from one language to another;

Over time, translational activity is becoming increasingly automated nature. To the aid of an interpreter, first came to typewriters, and then - the computer. All this is somewhat easier for the interpreter and allow work to fulfill orders as quickly as possible.

What are the requirements for result of work of an interpreter? A quality translation requires knowledge of grammar, style, and cognitive features of the language. Therefore, the translation involved is experts in the field of linguistics.

Services, which provide the translation, can be divided into oral and written translation. Translation involves not only the selection of suitable equivalents for foreign words. It is also the ability to create a linked text without loss of principal and washed and meaning.

Translation Bureau can offer translation services for art or science and technology. Such work requires knowledge of industry terminology. When the artistic translation of the text you want to save the form and send the product, its content and structure.

In addition, interpreters defend the right to be called art of translation. This is especially true of literary translation. Every translator of a literary text seeks to merge with the personality of the author. His creative personality translator opens with an eye to the originality of the author's method of presentation.

A variety of translation services now offer a large number of companies. Many of them have their own office and a page on the Internet, in which case their services to assist them to promote search engine optimization sites.

Translation - which includes interpreting the meaning of text in one language and a new, equivalent text in another language?

Initially, translation was carried out solely by man, but there have been attempts to automate and computerize the translation of texts in natural languages ​​or to use computers as aids in translation.

The purpose of the transfer is to establish equivalence relations between the original and translated text (so that both texts carried the same meaning). These constraints include context, the grammar of the source language, the traditions of writing, its idioms, etc.

Many Scientifics distinguish some main types of translations: Oral translation is one of the most difficult types of translation. This is primarily due to the specifics of speech. Speaking is spontaneous and not at all subject to the rules typical of written text. In addition, she has strong personality. Rate of speech is usually quite high, which also complicates the understanding of it. Therefore, a fairly common situation is when a person is free to read foreign texts, at the same time poorly understood spoken language of foreigners and he can hardly express them in a foreign language.

When translating written text, even if it comes to performing complex technical translation, the translator is always possible to read the text or part of a few times and in difficult cases refer to a dictionary or directory, or consult with colleagues.

In the case of the interpretation of such a possibility, as a rule, no. There is only one kind of interpretation, which allows it - translated from an audio or video. The recording can listen to or watch a few times and stop at any place. You can even bring more such interpretation to the writing, recording translation in text form, which may not sound interpreter and someone else - for example, an actor or professional announcer, as it usually happens when dubbing movies or TV news translation.

Direct interpretation is more complicated. It is divided into sequential and simultaneous, but both options have their difficulties.

The sequential transfer is assumed that the speaker in a foreign language makes a deliberate pause for the translator. The translator must remember everything that is said to pause immediately translate this in mind, and say aloud the translation during the pause, then continues his speech by saying (or it corresponds to the second party in another language, as it happens in the negotiations). Obviously, this type of translation is suitable for sightseeing, business and political negotiations (on which it is especially useful because it gives more time to think about an answer, while there is a translation), the technical installation of various equipment with a foreign engineer, etc.

Simultaneous interpretation is no noticeable pauses not intended. The translator must translate to say almost simultaneously with the speaker that is translated on the fly. Obviously, it needs to know the language perfectly and have a rich vocabulary, because no way to use a dictionary for this mode of operation there. Furthermore, it should be able to disperse so attention to listen to what he said now foreign and at the same time utter translation of what he said about 20 second before! It is obvious why professional interpreter’s disease is considered an early heart attack. It's working for wear, and why simultaneous interpreters work on each long event, usually in pairs, one after other every thirty minutes (more, few can withstand.)

Interpreters, who can provide interpretation, particularly in demand in various international activities of VIP-level, such as negotiations, congresses, conferences, major sporting events. Typically, it uses special electronic equipment that allows each participant to hear the translation through headphones, but the translators have time to translate from Spanish, Italian, Polish, Finnish, Portuguese, Hungarian, Czech and heaps of other languages.

There are existent main classifications of translation: genre-stylistic classification of translation. There are two main classifications of types of transfer:

The nature of translated texts and the nature of speech act an interpreter in the translation process. The first classification is associated with the genre and stylistic features of the original, the second - with psycholinguistic peculiarities of speech acts in writing and verbally.

Genre and stylistic classification transfers depending on genre and stylistic features of the original results in the selection of two functional types of maps the yes: artistic (literary) translation, and informative (special) translation.

Translation is translation of works of fiction. Literary works are opposed to all other verbal works because they all have a dominant is one of the communicative functions, namely art and aesthetic or poetic. The main purpose of any work of this type is to achieve a particular aesthetic effect, creating an artistic image. This aesthetic orientation distinguishes it from other artistic acts of verbal communication, Institute formative content of which is primary and independent.

Genre-stylistic classification of translation- - one of two best-known classifications of translation, which is based on the nature of the source text. This classification includes transfer unit transfers, depending on the stylistic features of the original into two major subtypes of functional translation: literary translation and informative (special) translation.

The juxtaposition of literary translation is based on the contrast of informative art text of special texts in terms of core functions that these texts do. "Each of the varieties of the translated material has its own specific features, which pose special requirements for transfer" [Fedorov, 2002, p. 272]. Thus, for a literary text recognizes the main function of art and the aesthetic function, a special word - function of the message, informing. Translation is called "translation of works of fiction, whose main task is to AEs in the generation of speech products, can produce an artistic and aesthetic impact on the recipient" [Sdobnikov 2001, p.35].

Informative translation is called the "transfer of special texts, whose main function is to report some information, but not in the artistic and aesthetic impact on the reader" . Genre and stylistic classification of transfers as well as the need to develop one way or another is recognized by all theorists of translation, with some researchers B. Vinogradov, Alekseev [Vinogradov, 2001, p.241; Alekseev, 2004, p.354] consider it necessary to its supplement and clarify. Thus, the V.N. Commissioner include informative text to detective work, descriptions of travel essays on the grounds that there is "dominated by a purely informational narrative" [Komissarov, 1990, p.45], although he notes that "in the original requiring the whole of literary translation, may be parts that perform exceptionally informative function, and, on the contrary, in the translation of informative texts may be elements of literary translation ".

B.C. Vinogradov said the feasibility of separation of six major functional-style types of texts: colloquial, formal, business, social, informational, scientific, literary texts, as well as religious works. Also, for example, the theory of translation of sacred designs Lebedev [Lebedev, 2001].   Alekseev proposes to use the more advanced the theory of translation of texts and scientific classification, scientific and technical text, scientific and academic text, a popular science text, encyclopedic text, text art criticism musicological text, philosophical text, documents, individuals and legal entities, ads , newspaper and magazine information sheet, the legislative text, a religious text, preaching, instruction, recipes (cooking, etc.) funeral announcement and obituary, memoirs, public speech, advertising, personal letter, business letter, arts journalism (essays), a literary text, poetic text as a subspecies of the literary text, fiction [Alekseeva, 2008]. It is with these types of text, according to the researcher, often had to deal translator.

From the above classifications of different authors it becomes clear that the division transfer the artistic and informative is conditional and is focused exclusively on basic functions, which are designed to perform with translated text. Allocation within the sub-classification as dictated by the specific needs of participants in the translation process. "What, for example, may be deemed accurate and correct in the translation of scientific or business text for turnover of books and writing, can easily be inappropriate and wrong in the translation of literary works, where the usefulness of the translation is often achieved by moving away from the verbatim , and vice versa "[Fedorov, 2002, sec. 272-273]

Next we consider the following classification of the translation. It is Psycholinguistic classifications of translation. Psycholinguistic classification of translation taking into account the mode of perception and creation of original text, translation, translation and localization divides the translation and interpretation.

Psycholinguistic classification is based on the translation differences in the nature of speech acts translator, scientific description of a particular type of transfer involves not only (and not so much) is purely linguistic, as psycholinguistic factors.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. Psycholinguistic Classification of Translation

 

Psycholinguistic Classification Translation - based on the nature of speech acts an interpreter.

This classification takes into account the one hand, the way the perception of the original text, but on the other hand - how to create a target text. In accordance with this classification in the theory of translation business is divided into two main types of translation: translation and interpretation services.

To the difference between translation and interpretation are the following. When the translation of the interpreter is not limited by rigid time constraints, in contrast to the interpreter performs the interpretation, which is limited in time rate of oratory, the need to issue a translation simultaneously with the sound of oratory, or immediately after the utterance of the text or part of the speaker. In translation, the translator translates linearly,  one statement after another, but mostly because the interpreter is available to all the text is still up to the moment of transfer, the transfer phase immediately precedes the stage of acquaintance with the original, respectively, each unit being transferred to them as interpreter translating perceived unity of the text. When the interpreter translator receives and translates the text in small segments as they are pronouncing the speaker, but may not apply to the translation process to other parts of the translated text and can not analyze the content of the text as a whole.

Translation and interpretation services are distinguished by the nature of links with cross-language communicants. As a rule, the interpreter of the written text is separated from the original and its author's time and distance, and the interpreter is in direct contact with all parties to cross-language communication, and can install them with feedback. It can correct statement according to participants' reactions to the transfer of communication, with the nature of the relationships involved in the communicative event may change, as in the case of two-way transfer of conversation, that is, each of the communicants can consistently act as a source, then the role of the receptor.

Inside the translation and interpretation is convenient to define subspecies. LS Barkhudarov offered the following types of translations: writing, translation, oral interpretation, written translation and oral-oral and written translation (Barkhudarov, 1975).

Writing, translation is a translation of written texts, oral interpretation - interpretation of the oral text. Within the oral interpretation, there are two subspecies: consecutive interpretation and simultaneous interpretation. The peculiarities of written translation.

Written translation from many languages of the world has a common peculiarity. Since English and German are more succinct than Russian, written translation from them will appear somewhat longer than the original text.

This is why Özeray typically measures the size of each written translation job twice—first as an estimate before the work is done, then more precisely and finally after the work is done.

The number of pages of the original text and the translation is counted using the character counting function in MS Word on the basis of 1800 characters plus spaces per page.

The first reason is the Translator’s code of conduct, which says that a text is inviolable. The translator has no right to change the text to suit his own preference, to abbreviate or expand it, unless the client has instructed him to do so.

The second reason has to do with the peculiarities of cross-national linguistics.

Consecutive interpreting - translation, carried out by a translator after text, in whole or slice it were uttered. Depending on whether the translator translates the text entirely after his utterance of the speaker or fragments, consistent translation is divided into the actual serial monologue speech translation and indention-phrase translation.

A Consecutive interpreter delivers the message in a target language after the keynote speaker has finished talking. Usually the speaker pauses after every sentence to enable the interpreter to render his translation. The source message can be presented in parts or as a whole. Consecutive interpretation allows the interpreter a certain amount of input as well as the opportunity to take notes. Although this is a time consuming process, it delivers a higher degree of accuracy and completeness in the translation.

Consecutive Interpreting is needed in the following circumstances:

Community Interpreting;

Court and Legal Interpreting;

Conference Telephone Call Interpreting;

Accompany Interpreting;

Whispered Interpreting;

Indention-phrase translation - a translation, when "the interpreter translates into 1.2 hearing a phrase or a slightly larger piece of spoken text, which he says (or party talks), and immediately after these few words uttered" (Alekseev, 2004, with. 13).

With the rapid development of international exchanges pushed by economic globalization, competent interpreters are in great demand. As two main forms of interpreting, consecutive interpreting and simultaneous interpreting are both employed on different occasions for different communication purposes and greatly welcomed by society. Each is recognized as a distinctive mode of interpreting due to its own advantages and characteristics. It is widely believed that simultaneous interpreting is a formidable task beyond the average people and is much harder than consecutive interpreting. This thesis tries to make a contrast between quality requirements for interpreters in both consecutive interpreting and simultaneous interpreting and illustrates their own difficulties and finally puts forward some suggestions on both consecutive interpreting and simultaneous interpreting teachings. This thesis is composed of four chapters excluding introduction and conclusion. Its briefly introduces interpreting scenarios and types of interpreting. Then it makes a brief contrast between consecutive interpreting and simultaneous interpreting. Finally it deals with common quality requirements for interpreters in both consecutive interpreting and simultaneous interpreting and misconceptions held by the majority of people about these two modes. Then analyzes the process of consecutive interpreting with its focus on quality requirements for interpreters. Consecutive interpreting mainly involves the interpreter’ listening duration and his/her ability to identify the main ideas, short-term memory proficiency, note-taking skill, interpreting output, and public speaking skill as well as the ability to meet high expectations from different user groups. Chapter Three is an analysis of simultaneous interpreting focusing on its quality requirements for interpreters. Simultaneous interpreting requires that interpreters be equipped with high ability to convey the semantic meanings of both the source language and the target language, processing capacity, high ability to handle sentences with different structures, team spirit, intercultural competence and high ability to interpret figures as well as sight interpreting skill. Chapter Four puts forward some suggestions on consecutive interpreting teaching based on its quality requirements for interpreters. It also proposes relevant coping tactics about consecutive interpreting and gives some suggestions on both in-class and after- class training for interpreters. Chapter Five proposes some suggestions on simultaneous interpreting teaching based on its quality requirements for interpreters. Relevant coping tactics about simultaneous interpreting and suggestions on in-class and after-class training for interpreters are also included. In conclusion, as two different modes of interpreting, both consecutive interpreting and simultaneous interpreting have their own focuses on quality requirements for interpreters. It is not reasonable to jump to a conclusion that consecutive interpreting is harder than simultaneous interpreting or vice versa. Interpreting teaching should be centered on cultivating the trainees’ relevant skills and abilities in accordance with quality requirements for interpreters in both consecutive interpreting and simultaneous interpreting…

Simultaneous translation - translate, a translator at the same time pronouncing the original speaker. Thus, with simultaneous translation occurs at the same time and perception of the text of the original translator, and causing the target text. A Simultaneous interpreter interprets for an individual or a group in a target language while the speaker speaks without interruption. Although consecutive interpretation is often considered to be more accurate of the two, simultaneous interpreting is much more time efficient. It is for this reason simultaneous interpreting is one of the most common forms of interpretation. It is also the most difficult form. There are very few such translators. Not all interpreters can do it well.

Simultaneous interpretation is a real-time skill. There are no second chances once the moment is lost. The peculiarity of simultaneous interpreting evolves the necessity to engage some, two at the minimum, interpreters at a time. None of the simultaneous interpreters can interpret alone all event on end.

Simultaneous Interpreters work in a pair in an interpreter booth equipped with microphones, infrared transmitter and headphones. The audience receives the message in a target language through the headsets.

Simultaneous Interpreting is needed in the following circumstances:-

Conference Interpreting;

Whispered Interpreting;

Sign Language Interpreting;