Selective monitoring in economics

Summary

SELECTIVE MONITORING IN ECONOMICS

    Statistical observation has forms, types and methods . Types of statistical observations are divided according to observation time and the completeness of coverage.

       According to the time of observation they are divided into continuous , periodic and lump sum . According to comprehensiveness of observation they are continuous and non-continuous . Selective survey , which is considered in this course work, refers to non-continuous observation.

        Continuous monitoring provides a survey of all units of the target population and associated with high labor and material costs . A discontinuous observation is called a study not all units aggregate, but some a certain part on which to judge it is necessary properties of the whole population as a whole .         

Sampling techniques are methods of mathematical statistics, in which the statistical properties of the set of any objects of general aggregate are studied on the basis of study of properties of this the part of this - objects selected aggregate randomly and fairly.

        Sampling method is widely used in statistical practice for obtaining economic information.

       Sampling method becomes more actual in current of transition to market economy. Change in the nature of economic relations, rent, property of individual groups and individuals are responsible for the changes in functions of accounting and statistics , reduction and simplification of  reporting. However, increasing demands to management reinforce a necessity, in providing reliable information and further improvement and its efficiency . All these preconditioned wide use of sampling method in economy.

         In national statistics there have accumulated an experience in sample surveys. Recently, an increasing use of social statistics has sample observation. The is most important source of information on living standards of population is data regularly conducted by sample surveys of family budgets . There widely used selective method in the census , public opinion research , monitoring and inspections after rounds of full surveys .

     The need to use the sampling method , development of probabilistic opinions in modern national statistics is continuously expanding. 

   Selective observation is a kind of non-continuous monitoring , in which a survey is subjected only to that parts of units if the aggregate , selected on the basis of scientific principles designed to ensure a receipt of objective general indicators for performance of entire aggregate as a whole . That is, an observation is organized in such way that this part of selected units on smaller scale represents as entire set .

     An aggregate from which a selection is made , called general , and all summary measure are general .

     A set of selected units is called an aggregate sample ( sample ), and all its general measure are selective .

     Sample survey is one of the most widely used types of non-continuous observation. The basis of this observation is an idea about the fact that selected at randomly some units may represent a whole target aggregate phenomena of interested of ground researchers. The purpose of simplify observation is to obtain a sample survey information, first of all, to determine general summarizing entire studied ( general ) aggregate. On its target sample survey coincides with one of the tasks of continuous monitoring , and that is why there is a question arises as to which of two types of observation - complete or selective are more appropriate to conduct.

       Advantages of this method compared with solid one can be estimated if it is organized and carried out in strict accordance with scientific principles of sampling theory , namely to ensure random selection of units , and their sufficient number. These principles allows obtaining a set of units, which represents entire target aggregate of interested features of the researchers, it is representative (representative) .

      According to the type of sample  method  is divided into  continuous and non continuous. According do the means of the selection there distinguished individual, group in and combined. According to method of selection they are random , mechanical, typical and serial .

      In comparing the results of sample survey with the characteristics of all general aggregate there may be deviations. Value of these deviations is called an of observation, which may be registration mistake (imperfect specification ) , or representativeness error (random or systematic violation of the rules in units selection). There calculated the two types of mistakes average: sampling error  and maximum error.

    Ultimate purpose of sample survey is in extend in findings to general aggregate . The main methods of distribution of sample observation on general aggregate are the direct conversion method and ratios.

      Its necessary have  a sufficient number of units sample objective survey data to obtained from a sample survey data are. Researcher must know a level of accuracy of a sample population with a certain probability to determine the appropriate sample size.

        In general, required sample size is directly proportional to variance and square of characteristic confidence t².

Sampling method can be used widely by state statistics . It allows to obtain accurate information for significant cost savings and required cost.