The information technologies and their role in the modern economy

1. Marketing of high-tech products and services, including through the use of Internet technologies;
2. Rendering of intermediary brokerage services in the dissemination of scientific and technical products, the search for buyers, implementation of projects in practice;
3. Searching in the country and abroad partners for developing joint projects in the field of high technologies and their information support at various stages of implementation;
4. Information support of the process of examination of projects and programs, proposals, performed in the framework of public procurement, and also on the orders of firms, organizations and private persons;
5. Training of representatives of small and average business information management, information management, skills in using new information technologies.

The experience of developed countries shows that the economy, based on new technologies, innovations, has the developed system of anticipatory ensure its industries information on new domestic and world achievements of science, engineering thought, organization of production processes.

  In practice, the main part of the information technologies used by IT managers in foreign large companies, this modeling and forecasting of the various variants of development of events after the application of innovations in production.

In our days of economic forecasting is important in the development of the management of the economy, due to the high uncertainty of events. Forecasting is of special scientific research on specific prospects for the development of any process.

In some key countries are of the opinion that modern agriculture cannot properly be without models and long-term forecasts. For forecasting the parameters of production in the world is widely used models of economic processes that use elasticity estimates depending on the sales price and the price level of the means of production.

The beginning of the modern global modeling can be attributed to the appearance in 1968 «the Roman club», the international public organization, created by Italian industrialist Aurelio Peccei. Club marked the beginning of the research, called «Global issues». To answer the questions many outstanding scientists made a series of reports under the General name «Difficulties of mankind». Predictions prospects were drafted with the aid of computer models. Project Dennis meadows «Limits to growth» (1972) was the first report «to the club of Rome.

This marked the beginning of a number of reports clubs that have been extensively studied issues related to economic growth, learning, development, consequence of the use of new technologies, global thinking. Model meadows - foster-and Мессаровича - Pestel laid the basis of the idea of limiting the consumption of resources by the so-called industrially underdeveloped countries. Later the US government began to use these models in their forecasts.

One of the most famous models is the LINK, developed under the direction of Nobel laureate Lawrence Klein of University of Pennsylvania. Development began in 1968 with the purpose of creation of the first global macroeconomic model, which matches the model of individual countries, so that changes in the economy of one country affect other countries. Thus, the LINK includes 10 national models (9 European countries and Japan). The main advantage of this model is the application of knowledge and experience in the field of modeling and analysis, as its design involved scientists from the countries of the OECD(Organization for economic cooperation and development). The model is a set of models of individual countries, independent, and United with the help of the submodel for international trade. The system LINK were проимитированы consequences for the economy of the U.S. and other countries.

The world community has long was trying to create a system of models of the functioning of the national AIC (agro-industrial complexes). The world food model BLS (Basic Linked System) is the most large-scale model created in cooperation of specialists from many countries. Included in the BLS national and regional models are all global space and include 20 countries. Covers the production of more than 80% of the world's food.

Thus, practically all the developed countries of the West and East are forecasting model, by which achieved national and regional goals, mobilised the resources of the state for implementation of target programs. Almost all developed countries have sought to understand the "new economy"

 

 

The core of the "new economy" are information and communication technology (ICT). Along with them there are the following segments:

1. education;
2. science (as a fundamental and innovations);
3. intellectual services (information mediation, consulting, marketing services, Analytics);
4. microelectronics;
5. robotics;
6. biotechnology.

  In European Union countries, on the basis of the obtained forecasts, regulating the national and agrarian policy, in the USA, forecasting is one of the integral parts of the management of the economy.

In the preparation of forecasts involve state-owned units, research organizations, commercial firms, private industry, banking and trade and trade Corporation. Forecasts are made both for the country itself and for individual countries or groups of countries.

Predictive research has gradually become more sophisticated through the introduction of new models and information technologies.

In France in predicting the two approaches are used: extrapolation of current trends and graphic methods and modeling of the future development of agriculture.

  Also, do not leave without attention the fact that the methodology of forecasting and planning of the economy depends on the production and economic, organizational characteristics, historical, cultural and other traditions. In each country develops its own economic model. The American model is aimed at achieving personal success, Japanese high national self-consciousness, Swedish - involves the use of private capital for social purposes etc.

  Each developed country taking into account the specifics of the national economy uses approaches to forecasting and economic planning processes, continuously improving them.

Speaking about the foreign experience of planning and modeling of economy, it is necessary to note, that the main potential lies in the scientific and technical level software production process, in the proper use of limited resources on the basis of raising the effectiveness of the management system.

The international transfer of technology represents a new form of global economic relations, which arose on the crossroads of production, scientific-technical and trade and economic cooperation. Technology holders are patents for invention and licenses, technical documentation, specialized literature, any finished products and semi-finished products in which it is realized, the specialists of professionals possessing the knowledge, experience, and skills to solve specific practical problems in various fields.

Implementation of the technology may be in the alienable and inalienable form, as in the form of materialized, and неовеществленной. Thus, international trade technologies can be considered both a broad and narrow sense. In the narrow sense of the word - is the transfer of a set of design and technological solutions, systematic knowledge, work experience for the manufacture of the product, process changes, or rendering of services. In a broad sense, technology transfer includes both the technology in a "pure" (неовеществленном)and material (овеществленном) form when technology transfer is made in the form of comprehensive solutions, including the technical means to implement them

Let us turn to the historical statistics and see that many countries are already 15 years ago started to invest heavily in research of information technologies.

Statistical data of the last decades shows permanent growth of expenditure on research and development, both among developed and developing countries. So, according to UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on trade and development), in the 1990s, the total expenditures for these purposes in the world amounted to 438 billion, and in 2000, this number increased by 54% to 676,5 billion. Although the list of ten leaders and has undergone changes and became include China and South Korea, more than 2/3 of all research and development costs in the 2000s, is still carried out by countries from the group of developed.

Of course, Russia should not copy European or American economic models that may not be appropriate for the country in connection with the geographical position and climatic conditions. But, despite this, remove the positive experience of agricultural forecasting models and developments in foreign countries to improve the effectiveness of functioning of agriculture.

 

 

 

 
 

Paragraph №2: The Russian experience of information technologies in production

Formation of the Russian IT sector actually began 15 years ago at the same time with the development of a market economy. Period of strict regulation of the telecommunications market , when the expansion of demand in all segments was based on the spontaneous shape economic incentives ended after the 1998 financial crisis , which at the time limited the growth of the industry. The concept of development of the Russian telecommunications market , adopted in 2000. , Control and optimization of its individual segments, gave new impetus to the market , and economic growth expanded domestic demand for telecommunications services. As a result, the growth rate is significantly higher than the industry of industries .

Russian Federation for the advanced development of the IT industry is particularly important , as it allows to make a significant contribution to the increase in gross domestic product ( GDP) , contribute to the elimination of commodity dependence of the Russian economy and the successful implementation of the country's ongoing reform program in the social sector and in public administration .

The favorable factors of the Russian IT market are continued economic growth and high base level of education of the population. Economic recovery , growth management culture and the emergence of the companies free investment resources leads to increase the share of corporate costs of implementing large-scale IT implementation projects with a total cost structure . High level of education a significant part of the population is an important resource to ensure the needs of industry for qualified experts and users in the field of IT.

 

These factors and due to the rapid growth in domestic demand for IT in Russia. Growth in the Russian IT industry every year since 2000 exceeds the rate of economic growth of the country , on average, 4 times. In 2006, the industry grew by 20 percent compared to 2005 and exceeded $ 1 trillion. 160 billion rubles. In the ranking of information technologies in 2010-2011 of the World Economic Forum (WEF ) , Russia ranks 77th of 138 countries. Sweden tops the list , and Singapore , the third place is occupied by Finland , 4th - in Switzerland and 5th - the United States .

According to the survey , in 2010, the IT-industry resumed growth , but has not yet reached pre-crisis levels . According to experts , " RIA-Analysis " , after falling in 2009 by 12-14 % , the growth of the domestic IT- market in 2010 amounted to 13-15 % - to the level of 570-580 billion rubles. Forecast growth in IT-market in 2011 - 15-20%. Post-crisis recovery of the Russian economy is primarily reflected in the leading companies that are able to increase their market share at the expense of an established access to public and okologosudarstvennye projects.

Russia also is the development of the new economy. What is the institutional structure of the new economy in Russia ? For Russia, the new economy is characterized by the division by 2 units , radically different from each other. Science and education is still organized on a costly basis. At the same time, at the other extreme - the ICT market and information services to its purely market basis and the lack of state property.

In developed economies dominated by bio-, nano - , information technology, while the Russian economy is still on the industrial stage . Russia just needs innovative scenario , otherwise existing between civilized nations and Russia gap in economic development will inevitably increase, which threatens her secondary role in the international division of labor.

 

Recent years have been characterized favorable for Russian conditions in the global energy market . Economic growth in the previous years ( an average of 6 % ​​per year) was due to the influx of petrodollars in Russia . This hinders the development of the national innovation economy : high oil prices (up to a hundred dollars per barrel ) does not contribute to the development of innovation. To this dangerous trend pointed out by many famous scientists , in particular S.Yu.Glazev: "With the restructuring of the global economy , based on the unfolding of new technologies in the technological structure of the Russian economy regressing narrows growth potential of modern and new technological paradigms , the economy loses ability to self- reproduce.

Overlooked the possibility of using hundreds of billions of dollars profits from oil and gas exports to modernize the Russian economy , the competitiveness of which continues to plummet. "

A major problem is the lack (resulting from an event in the 1990s, the collapse of production ) demand for scientific applied research ( innovation) . These applied research should deal with industrial research institutes , and today they are being asked to fundamental science. But to be engaged in what is no demand - means to destroy domestic fundamental science .

Scientific and Technological Complex of Russia is in a deep crisis. This is evidenced by the following figures given E.B.Lenchuk : development and adoption of innovations are now no more than 10 % of industrial enterprises in Russia ( for comparison, in developed economies, the norm is 60 - 80%).

The level of development of high -tech country "rollback" 10-25 years , and its share in world production of high-tech products has become negligible and now according to various estimates does not exceed 0.3-1 % ( US- 36 %, Japan 30 %). Innovative demand created only individual branches , but the best can only be considered an innovative model of development for the whole economy .

The state today announced its support for strategic industries such as nanotechnology , nuclear energy , space and information technology. The growth of the innovation sector , along with the above , also provide deep processing technology - oil , gas, timber , metals and other minerals.

One of the most pressing problems - innovation. To date, no established state management mechanism innovation economy . Domestic fundamental science offers many exciting developments , but they often remain only on paper, not communicated to industrial implementation . Academician L.I.Abalkin indicates the need to consider a number of factors affecting the establishment and functioning of the mechanism of innovation development :

1. The accumulation and preservation of scientific capacity , innovative projects and structures ;
2. Regular updating of innovative technologies , projects and approaches ;
3. Creation of a production base allowing secure access to the market , subject to market research , innovative projects;
4. Adequate public policy, as well as the prioritization of relevant technologies and innovation , government regulation ;
5. There should be established a system of budgetary , monetary , credit and fiscal instruments .

Underdevelopment and the availability of telecommunications infrastructure hinders the development of small and medium enterprises sector , prevents their entry into the world market and the development of relations with foreign partners.

Mismatch of vocational training in the IT sector 's leading international standards leads to a shortage of personnel necessary skills , especially mid-career professionals and executives informatization projects , inability to compete effectively Russian specialists with experts from other countries .

Lack of an effective application of the legislation on the protection of intellectual property rights leads to loss of income and Russian manufacturers is an important obstacle to the creation in Russia of large international companies own research and development centers .

Enterprise IT industry alone cannot solve these problems . For this purpose it is necessary to pursue a coordinated state policy aimed at eliminating these barriers and providing state support for development of the IT market in Russia.

As the experience of some countries such as Ireland, Israel , India , Malaysia and China to stimulate the development of the IT industry suggests the priority development areas that have high export potential , as well as attracting the world's leading manufacturers in the IT sector for placement in the country of their research and production centers.

Key areas for action :

Implementation of measures of state support for the information technology industry in Russia should be implemented in five main areas :

1. Improvement of the legislation ;
2. The development of the internal market;
3. Development of export ;
4. Institutional Development ;
5. Measures to improve the legislation .

Thus , the domestic IT market lags behind most of the characteristics of both developed and many developing countries . This situation is caused by general economic reasons : the consequence of the decline in production in the 1990s , the unwillingness of many companies to invest in long-term IT- projects , a low level of material well-being of the general population . However , the development of IT industry in Russia is further constrained by a number of other barriers.

 

 

 

 

Bibliography: 

Books:

1. Colin C. Williams, John Round, Peter Rodgers "The Role of Informal Economies in the Post-Soviet World - The End of Transition?"
2. William J.Kramer; Beth Jenkins; Robert S.Katz "The role of the Information and communications technology sector in expanding economic opportunity" edited by Harvard University 2010
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1. By James W. Cortada, Ashish M. Gupta and Marc Le Noir  "How nations thrive in the Information Age" edited by IBM Institute for Business Value 2010
2. Helena Tapper "Information Society Strategy – Seeking New Solutions for Post-Modern Societies" (Finland) 2005
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6. Benat Bilbao-Osorio, Soumitra Dutta, and Bruno Lanvin, Editors "The Global Information Technology Report 2013 Growth and Jobs in a Hyperconnected World" 2013

Magazines:

1. "Economic Issues", №4, april 2009 г.
2. I.I. Rodionov, R.S. Giryaleskii, V.A. Tsvetkova, G.Z. Zalaev “Market information services and products”
3. Journal of International Law and International Relations 2007 — № 3

Internet Source:

1. "Role of mass media" /http://www.shvoong.com/medicine-and-health/1693130-role-mass-media// (04.01.2014)
2. The Role and Influence of Mass Media http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/sociology/contemporary-mass-media/the-role-and-influence-of-mass-media  (04.01.2014)