Утечка мозгов

Выражение "утечка мозгов" (brain drain) появилось в начале 1950-х годов - подобным образом в Великобритании описали процесс массового переезда английских ученых в США. За полвека размеры глобальной миграции квалифицированных специалистов невероятно выросли и ныне воспринимаются как серьезная угроза будущему многих государств. Больше всего от отъезда квалифицированных кадров страдают малые страны, находящиеся на периферии индустриально развитых государств. В эту группу также входят и бывшие колонии, из которых таланты перебираются в бывшие метрополии. Активность процесса утечки повышается в случае наступления политической нестабильности на родине талантов и роста национализма.

Люди, намеренные уехать, вкладывают значительные силы и ресурсы в получение образования или квалификации, необходимых для того, чтобы преуспеть за границей. Это позитивно влияет на всю систему образования страны, то есть, способствует повышению образовательного уровня населения. В случае, если уехавших за границу меньше, чем оставшихся, ситуация в стране изменяется к лучшему. 

Несмотря на то, что последствия  вымывания из страны специалистов не всегда плохи, многие государства мира пытаются противостоять этому процессу или управлять им. По данным Института  Исследований Труда (Institute for the Study of Labour), ныне некоторые страны законодательно запрещают отъезд за границу определенных категорий специалистов - например, врачей и учителей. Однако это помогает мало: желающие уехать специалисты находили и находят возможности обойти ограничения, например, скрывая наличие у них соответствующих дипломов. 
Анализ Организации Экономического Сотрудничества и Развития (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) показывает, что многие государства используют "американские" методы привлечения талантливой иностранной молодежи. Так, например, Австралия, Новая Зеландия, Канада, Франция и Великобритания упростили свои визовые требования для иностранных абитуриентов, а в некоторых случаях освобождают их от платы за образование. Кроме того, они облегчают процесс получения гражданства для выпускников и для членов их семей. 
В масштабах всего Европейского Союза планируется увеличивать расходы на науку, что потенциально сделает возможным облегчение трудоустройства талантливых выпускников местных ВУЗов. Дело в том, что ЕС тратит на научные исследования меньше, чем США и Япония (в 2005 году - 1.9% ВВП против, соответственно, 2.8% и 3%). Увеличение финансирования позволит создать сотни тысяч новых рабочих мест, что привлечет "мозги". Ныне же в ВУЗах объединенной Европы получают образование больше студентов, чем в США и Японии. Однако в Европейском Союзе ученых меньше (в 2005 году в Европе было 5.4 научных работника на 1 тыс. работающих, в США - 8.7, в Японии - 9.7). 
Аналогичным путем идут государства Азии, такие, как Сингапур, Катар и Малайзия. Они также используют различные методы привлечения иностранных студентов: Сингапур, к примеру, заключил соглашения с ведущими университетами США об открытии на своей территории кампусов крупных американских университетов. 
В последние годы возник новый термин - "научная диаспора", многие государства мира пытаются использовать знания, опыт и связи своих "мозгов", оказавшихся за рубежом. Подобные инициативы предпринимают некоторые страны Латинской Америки, ЮАР, Индия, Китай и даже Швейцария. 

Expression "brain drain" (brain drain) has appeared in the early fifties - in a similar way in Great Britain have described process of mass moving of English scientists in the USA. For half a century the sizes of global migration of the qualified experts have improbably grown and are nowadays perceived as serious threat to the future of many states. Most of all the small countries which are on periphery of industrially developed states suffer from departure of qualified personnel. This group also includes also the former colonies from which talents get over in the former mother countries. Activity of process of leak raises in case of approach of political instability in the homeland of talents and nationalism growth.

People, intended to leave, put great strengths and resources in reception of formation or the qualification, necessary to succeed abroad. It positively influences all education system of the country, that is, promotes increase of educational level of the population. In case gone abroad it is less, than remained, the situation in the country changes for the better.

In spite of the fact that consequences of washing away from the country of experts aren't always bad, many states of the world try to resist to this process or to operate it. According to Institute of Researches of Work (Institute for the Study of Labour), nowadays some countries legislatively forbid departure abroad certain professional categories - for example, doctors and teachers. However it helps a little: wishing to leave experts found and find possibilities to bypass restriction, for example, hiding presence at them corresponding diplomas.

The analysis of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) shows that many states ispol-zujut "the American" methods of attraction of talented foreign youth. So, for example, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, France and Great Britain have simplified the visa requirements for foreign entrants, and in certain cases release them from a payment for formation. Besides, they facilitate process of reception of citizenship for graduates and for members of their families.

In scales of all European Union it is planned to increase expenses on a science that will potentially make possible simplification of employment of talented graduates of local HIGH SCHOOLS. The matter is that EU spends for scientific researches less, than the USA and Japan (in 2005 - 1.9 % of gross national product against, accordingly, 2.8 % and 3 %). The financing increase will allow to create hundred thousand new workplaces that will involve "brains". Nowadays in HIGH SCHOOLS of incorporated Europe get education of more students, than in the USA and Japan. However in the European Union of scientists it is less (in 2005 in Europe there were 5.4 science officers on 1 thousand working, in the USA - 8.7, in Japan - 9.7).

The states of Asia, such, as Singapore, Qatar and Malaysia go a similar way. They also use various methods of attraction of foreign students: Singapore, for example, has entered into agreements with leading universities of the USA about opening in the territory of campuses of large American universities.

Last years there was a new term - "scientific diaspora", many states of the world try to use knowledge, experience and communications of the "brains" which have appeared abroad. Similar initiatives are undertaken by some countries of Latin America, the republic of South Africa, India, China and even Switzerland.

The phrase "brain drain" (brain drain) has appeared in the early 1950's - the same way in the UK have described the process of mass relocation of British scientists in the U.S.. For half a century, the size of the global migration of qualified professionals have grown incredibly and now perceived as a serious threat to the future of many nations. Most of the departure of skilled workers affects small countries at the periphery of the industrialized nations. This group also includes former colonies, of which talents are moving to the former mother country. Activity of leakage increases in the event of political instability in the country of talent and the growth of nationalism. 
People intending to leave, have made significant effort and resources in the education or skills needed to succeed abroad. This has a positive impact on the entire educational system of the country, that is, enhances the educational level of the population. If left for abroad is smaller than the rest, the situation changed for the better. 
Despite the fact that the effects of leaching of the country's professionals are not always bad, and many nations of the world are trying to resist this process or manage it. According to the Institute of Labour Studies (Institute for the Study of Labour), now some countries legally prohibit the departure abroad of certain categories of professionals - such as doctors and teachers. However, this helps a little: specialists wishing to leave was and is possible to circumvent restrictions, such as hiding the presence of their respective diplomas.

Analysis of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) shows that many states are used "American" methods to attract talented young foreigners. For example, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, France and Britain eased its visa requirements for foreign applicants, and in some cases, relieve them from paying for education. In addition, they facilitate the process for obtaining citizenship for the graduates and their families.  
Across the European Union planned to increase spending on science, which potentially makes it possible to facilitate the employment of talented graduates from local universities. The fact that the EU spends on research is less than the U.S. and Japan (in 2005 - 1.9% of GDP, against, respectively, 2.8% and 3%). Increased funding will create thousands of new jobs that will attract "brains." But now in the universities of the united Europe are educated more students than in the U.S. and Japan. However, in the European Union scientists less (in 2005 in Europe were 5.4 researchers per 1 thousand employees in the U.S. - 8.7, Japan - 9.7).  
Similarly, go through the countries of Asia such as Singapore, Qatar and Malaysia. They also use different methods to attract foreign students: Singapore, for example, has agreements with leading universities in the United States to open its campus in major American universities.  
In recent years a new term - "scientific diaspora", many nations of the world are trying to use the knowledge, experience and respect their "brains" who have been abroad. Similar initiatives are taking some Latin American countries, South Africa, India, China and even Switzerland.