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Основная роль государства в современной рыночной экономике заключается в регулировании бюджета и финансовой системы. Государство собирает налоги с предпринимателей и планирует государственный бюджет, который необходим для финансирования таких важных сфер экономики как здравоохранение, выплата пенсий и пособий, образование, оборона, судебная и пенитенциарная системы. Налоги являются важнейшим источником доходов государства в большинстве стран с рыночной экономикой. Поэтому эффективность сбора налогов и перераспределения бюджетных средств предопределяет уровень благосостояния народа, и в особенности малоимущего и нетрудоспособного населения.
Какова роль государства в рыночной экономике?
Основная роль государства
в современной рыночной экономике заключается
в регулировании бюджета и финансовой
системы. Государство собирает налоги
с предпринимателей и планирует государственный
Большую роль в экономике играет стабильность финансовой и банковской систем. Регулирование денежной массы в экономике целиком возложено на государство. Оно может также влиять на курс национальной валюты и процентные ставки, с целью обеспечить благоприятные условия для предпринимателей и банков. Государство определяет размер ставки рефинансирования, от которой зависит множество показателей экономики. Для предотвращения краха финансовой системы во время кризисов государство поддерживает резервные фонды и золотые запасы.
Регулирование рынка на законодательном уровне также возложено на государство. Государство должно препятствовать появлению монополий, следить за качеством производимых товаров и оказываемых услуг, а также обеспечивать эффективные механизмы регулирования банкротств и судебных споров между предпринимателями. Антимонопольное законодательство призвано сохранить конкуренцию на рынке и предотвратить появление монополий. Государство защищает местных производителей от дешевого импорта товаров и притока слишком дешевой рабочей силы.
От эффективности государственного регулирования рынка во многом зависит благосостояние каждой страны, и по уровню жизни того или иного народа можно судить, насколько хорошо или плохо государство регулирует его рынок.
Providing the Legislative Framework
The government provides a clear and predictable legal framework for
businesses. Regulations are administered in an open and transparent
system, and applied fairly to all parties. The government makes it clear
to businesses that it deals with them solely on the merits of their
case. There is no favoured treatment for local companies or for government-linked
companies.
Providing a Stable Environment for
Businesses
Fiscal policy in Singapore is guided by the principle that it should
support the private sector as the engine of growth and ensures that
the macro-environment is stable. The Singapore government has been prudent
and conservative in its budgetary policy. It has balanced its budget
in nearly every year for the last 3 decades.
Monetary policy is geared towards keeping inflation low and stable for
long-term competitiveness and to ensure that savings are not debased.
The government also sets clear and transparent ground-rules and ensures
that markets are competitive, for example, by ensuring that imports
are allowed to come in freely.
Investing in Infrastructure and Manpower
The government invests in infrastructure and manpower, areas in which
the private sector is likely to under-invest. It ensures that the education
and training system is geared towards the needs of the economy, with
a strong emphasis on providing technical and professional manpower.
Similarly, an efficient infrastructure lowers business costs and makes
it attractive for investors to come to Singapore.
Facilitating Businesses
The government facilitates businesses, including foreign investors wishing
to come to Singapore. This function is carried out mainly by promotional
agencies like the Economic Development Board and the International Enterprise
Singapore.
In a way, the political arguments that rage on in America are relatively trivial. While there are serious situations to address—poverty, crime, drugs, and terrorism—the vast majority of Americans largely agree on the basic principles that rule the economy.
Most Americans agree on the individual's right to private property; the government's right to issue currency, levy taxes, and borrow money; and the rights of businesses and consumers to enter agreements and to resolve their differences through legal channels. (Immigrants marvel at how easy it is to start a business in America.) Few people believe that laws regarding child labor, toxic waste, food and drug purity, and the financial markets should be repealed.
For some 90 percent of the adult population, the political and economic arguments really amount to whether the federal government should account for 20, 22, or 18 percent of the economy. Legislators of both parties in both houses of Congress grab as much federal money as they can carry back to their constituents, and the constituents don't send it back to Washington in protest.
A public good is a good that society requires and that benefits everyone but that the private sector holds no economic incentive to provide. Public goods cannot be divided up and distributed through a market to consumers, who may or may not choose to buy them. Rather, they are made available to everyone, and everyone benefits from them.
By and large there is general agreement on the role of government in the U.S. economy, which is to …
Let's examine each of these roles.
Public goods are those that society requires and that benefit everyone, but that the private sector has no economic incentive to provide. Public goods benefit everyone, whether they pay for them or want them or not. The most basic public good is defense of the populace from attack and invasion. This begins at our borders and extends inward to the formation of police forces at the federal (the Federal Bureau of Investigation), state, and local levels. Other public goods include the highway system and traffic lights, clean air and water, and public education.
There is a tradeoff—as always in economics—between public goods and private goods. Societies allocate their resources to both, in a mix that works for them. Some societies employ a mix weighted toward private goods, while others prefer a mix weighted toward public goods. In general, the more developed an economy becomes, the more resources it devotes to public goods.
In economics, the term government often means government at all levels: federal, state, and local. For instance, the “G” in C + I + G includes all three levels of government. I have generally indicated which levels of government are under discussion.
It's wise to understand what people mean when they say “government.” For instance, many people oppose “big government,” meaning the federal government, because they want more governmental decisions made at the state and local levels, where they have more control. They simply prefer local government to federal government.
The government provides public goods by administering the budget and overseeing the delivery of the goods. However, in most cases the goods are actually provided by the private sector. The personnel for the armed services are an exception, but even for defense, most of the equipment and weapons are manufactured by the private sector.
The federal government issues the nation's currency, levies taxes, and, when taxes don't cover federal spending, borrows money by issuing government securities. We will discuss the federal agencies responsible for these functions later in this section.
Each of these three functions are subject to debate, especially taxes and deficit spending, which we cover in Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth. Currency arouses little debate, although many people first hated the redesign of U.S. money a few years ago.
The federal government in any society tries to maintain order and growth in the economy. Disorder in the economy leads to social unrest and political upheaval. Lack of economic growth leads to unemployment, which also generates unrest. If poor economic growth persists, a nation may even wind up unable to defend itself from attack or invasion. For instance, the economy of the USSR under socialism could not sustain itself, which led to the breakup of the Soviet Union.
Most modern governments take an active role in managing their economies through economic policies. These policies aim to maintain a stable currency and economic growth at a rate that balances inflation and unemployment.
Antitrust suits are legal actions initiated by the Justice Department to stop companies from engaging in anti-competitive practices or from becoming so large that they constitute a monopoly. Anti-competitive practices include any agreements or actions designed to limit competition, such as agreements among competitors to fix prices at a certain level.
In socialist and communist economies, such as China and North Korea, the government uses central planning to gauge demand and make production decisions. This stands in sharp contrast to the role of government in a market economy. In a market economy, the government usually acts as a referee, ensuring that the market works properly and achieves the goal of delivering the greatest good to the greatest number of people.
Toward that end, the U.S. government regulates certain activities in the market. For example, the Justice Department occasionally launches antitrust suits to limit monopolistic business practices, as it did against Microsoft in the late 1990s. The federal government will occasionally levy tariffs and erect other barriers to trade to protect a domestic market from foreign competition, as it did with certain steel imports in 2002. The Securities and Exchange Commission initiates suits against companies that violate securities law, as it did in 2001 and 2002.
In other words, society uses the government to limit behaviors that could distort the workings of the market for the benefit of a few unscrupulous or powerful competitors at the expense of everyone else.
Excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to Economics © 2003 by Tom Gorman. All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Used by arrangement with Alpha Books, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
To order this book direct from the publisher, visit the Penguin USA website or call 1-800-253-6476. You can also purchase this book at Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble.
The main role of the state in modern market economy consists in regulation of the budget and a financial system. The state collects taxes from businessmen and plans the state budget which is necessary for financing of such important spheres of economy as health care, payment of pensions and grants, education, defense, judicial and penitentiary systems. Taxes are the most important source of the income of the state in the majority of the countries with market economy. Therefore efficiency of taxation and redistribution of budgetary funds predetermines people welfare, and in particular the needy and disabled population.
The big role in economy is played by stability of financial and bank systems. Regulation of monetary weight in economy is entirely assigned to the state. It can influence also a rate of national currency and interest rates, with the purpose to provide favorable conditions for businessmen and banks. The state determines the size of a rate of refinancing on which the set of indicators of economy depends. For prevention of crash of a financial system during crises the state supports reserve funds and gold reserves.
Market regulation at legislative level is also assigned to the state. The state has to interfere with emergence of monopolies, watch quality of made goods and rendered services, and also to provide effective mechanisms of regulation of bankruptcies and judicial disputes between businessmen. The antitrust law is urged to keep the competition in the market and to prevent emergence of monopolies. The state protects local producers from cheap import of goods and inflow of too cheap labor.
Welfare of each country in many respects depends on efficiency of state regulation of the market, and on a standard of living of these or those people it is possible to judge, how well or badly the state regulates its market.
Read more: Hey, Big Spender! The Federal Budget:
Role of Government in a Capitalist Economy | Infoplease.com http://www.
The U.S. has a “Free Market Economy.” Put simply, a free market economy is one in which decisions regarding investment, production and distribution are based on supply and demand. Prices of goods and services are determined by supply and demand. The idea is that the higher the price of a product or service the lower the demand. As an example, as gas prices went up, demand went down. What we have seen in the past several months as gas prices went up, demand fell about 10%. Companies make decisions as to whether or not to provide a product or service based on their costs. If their costs are higher than the price they can get in the market or they do not have enough profit left after subtracting their cost from the price, they don’t produce the product. Looking at whether or not companies will invest in new products or expand production is based on this same approach, is their sufficient demand in the market so that the price will be higher than their costs and will they have sufficient profit to repay their investment and more? The amount of profit that a company decides is sufficient to invest is also based on the risk or another term–uncertainty. The more uncertainty in the market, the more risk and the higher returns needed for investment.
The U.S. does not have a pure free market economy because government does play a role through regulations, subsidies, tax policy, Medicare/Medicaid, etc. The effect of the government intervention is to impact the costs to a company—raised if subject to taxes, pollution controls, gas mileage standards—and lowered if subsidies are provided for example the subsidy for ethanol. This intervention in turn affects prices, demand for products, profits and company investment decisions.
Historically, what has been the role of government? Initially, government was to play a minor role in the economy and as providing services a company could not, for example national defense and basic safeguards such as pollution control, establishing and maintaining a national park system and workplace safety. From an economic standpoint the government was to take a long term view, providing the infrastructure such as roads, a predictable tax system, a defense against inflation through interest rate management by the Fed and a stable environment to lower uncertainty and risk for corporations and entrepreneurs. But what have we seen happen? We have seen an increasing trend of government intervention with a short-term focus. It started with the Progressives in the early 1900s, a major expansion of government during the FDR era, more government intervention with Johnson’s “Great Society” and a rapid acceleration with the current administration.
We have seen short term interventions accelerate: cash for first-time homeowners, cash for clunkers, payroll tax reductions a year at a time, Obama Care, subsidies for electric vehicles, cash for investments in green energy, taxes on medical devices, a Fed that now is not just managing inflation, but also trying to improve the economy through artificially low interest rates over a very long period of time and a major increase in new regulations. All of these interventions have impacts on the costs of products and services, prices of those products and services, profits and the uncertainty or risk associated with company operations. The uncertainty surrounding the expiration of the so-called Bush tax cuts, payroll tax cut expiration, both at the end of this year, future of Obama Care, the election, the ongoing debt crisis and budget deficits, potential tax increases on the rich, and potential new regulations has increased dramatically—thereby increasing the risk of company investment and expansion.
Are these short term moves the “Right Thing to do?”
In my opinion, we have to return to the long-term role of government by providing infrastructure, support for basic research, a stable long-term tax policy, a Federal Reserve that manages for inflation only, a budgeting system that reduces expenditures and reduces the debt. It is no wonder that companies aren’t investing, expanding production or hiring workers given the uncertainty that exists in the markets. Investment and hiring decisions are based on a long term view—government focused on short-term fixes does not promote economic growth.
Tags: Business, Business Ethos, Dr. David Mielke, Free Market Economy, Market Uncertainty, Profit
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