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English prepositions and postpositions are the same in form but different in function. Some prepositions are not used as postpositions, e.g., at, for, from, into, onto, of, with. Some postpositions are not used as prepositions, e.g., ahead, apart, aside, away, back, forward. But some of them can function as prepositions or postpositions depending on the structure in which they are used, e.g., about, across, along, around, behind, by, down, in, off, on, out, over, through, under, up. It is necessary to understand the difference between them.
Phrasal Verbs: Introduction
Prepositions and postpositions
Verbs with prepositions and nouns
Short List and Main List
Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Санкт-Петербург
Содержание:
Phrasal Verbs: Introduction
Phrasal verbs are verbs that form a combination (a phrase) with postpositions
or prepositions and nouns. Such combinations are usually idiomatic in
meaning and should be memorized. For the purpose of study, phrasal verbs
can be divided into two basic structures: (a) verbs with prepositions
and nouns and (b) verbs with postpositions.
Prepositions and postpositions
English prepositions and postpositions are the same in form but different in function. Some prepositions are not used as postpositions, e.g., at, for, from, into, onto, of, with. Some postpositions are not used as prepositions, e.g., ahead, apart, aside, away, back, forward. But some of them can function as prepositions or postpositions depending on the structure in which they are used, e.g., about, across, along, around, behind, by, down, in, off, on, out, over, through, under, up. It is necessary to understand the difference between them.
A preposition is used with a noun (or its substitute), stands before it, and is not stressed. A preposition is part of a prepositional noun phrase, which means that a preposition always needs a noun. A postposition is used with a verb, stands after it, usually forms an idiom with this verb, and is always stressed. A postposition is part of the predicate, which means that a postposition always needs a verb. Some linguists call them adverbs, adverbial particles, or preposition-adverbs because postpositions are adverbial in character. Compare these sentences:
How did he get in? – How did he get in the house / into the house?
In the first sentence, the postposition "in" is part of the phrasal verb "get in", is stressed, and in this sentence receives falling intonation. In the second sentence, the preposition "in" (or "into") belongs to the noun "the house" and is not stressed.
Verbs with prepositions and nouns
In the structure verb + preposition + noun, the verb dictates the choice of a specific preposition. Such phrases should be learned by heart. A suitable noun or its substitute (e.g., a pronoun, a gerund) is always used in this structure and stands after its preposition. In the lists of phrasal verbs in this section, the words "something, someone" show where the noun stands in this structure, for example, to agree on something, to agree with someone. A suitable noun is chosen by the speaker according to the situation.
We agreed on the price of ninety dollars.
We agreed on going to Rome in the spring.
We agreed on it.
I agree with you.
Note: In a number of cases, depending on the verb, another noun or pronoun is used between the verb and the preposition with noun in this structure.
I congratulate you on your new job.
She blames Mike for the loss of her bag.
Verbs with postpositions
There are two key elements in this structure: the verb and the postposition. Phrasal verbs of this kind present the most difficulty as they are highly idiomatic; i.e., their meaning is not predictable from the meanings of their components, and they usually have several idiomatic meanings.
Many verbs are used as phrasal verbs with postpositions, but the most important and the most productive of them are verbs of motion: break, bring, call, check, close, come, cut, do, drop, fall, get, give, go, look, make, move, pick, pull, push, put, run, set, show, take, tear, turn, and some others. And the verb "be", of course – the biggest verb of English. (Some recommendations on how to study such verbs, using the verb "take" as an example, are given in the commentary to the song Gary Moore - Empty Rooms in the section Hobby.)
The meaning of a phrasal verb with a postposition is usually idiomatic; that is, the meaning of a phrasal verb is different from the joined literal meanings of its components.
This question is too difficult. I give up.
Этот вопрос слишком трудный. Я сдаюсь.
Watch out! The bus is coming!
Осторожно! Автобус подъезжает!
The phrasal verb "give up" is idiomatic because it means "stop trying to do something", not the sum of the literal meanings of the words "give" and "up". The phrasal verb "watch out" is idiomatic because it means "be careful", not the sum of the literal meanings of the words "watch" and "out".
Many verbs with postpositions can be used without any object after them, but quite frequently they are followed by a direct object or a prepositional object.
They broke in.
Они вломились внутрь.
They broke in the door.
Они взломали дверь. (т.е. так проникли внутрь)
They broke in through the window.
Они вломились внутрь через окно.
If a personal pronoun is used instead of a noun which is a direct object, the pronoun is usually placed between the verb and the postposition. Compare:
They brought up their three sons in Italy.
Они вырастили своих трех сыновей в Италии.
They brought them up in Italy.
Они их вырастили в Италии.
Fill out the form. Fill it out.
Заполните бланк. Заполните его.
In spoken English, a direct object in the form of a short noun or someone's name may stand between the verb and the postposition. Compare these examples:
Put on your coat. Put your coat on.
Наденьте свое пальто.
Let in Anna Blake. Let Anna Blake in.
Впустите Анну Блейк.
But the postposition shouldn't be placed too far from the verb or separated from it by intonation because they create the meaning of the phrasal verb together. Note that in the sentence "Put on your coat", the emphasis is on the word "coat"; in the sentence "Put your coat on", the emphasis is on the word "on".
Note: Many verbs with postpositions are also used in their literal meaning. Compare these sentences:
Put your boots out. I'll clean them.
Поставь свои ботинки наружу. Я почищу их.
Don't forget to put out the light before you leave.
Не забудь выключить свет перед тем, как уйдешь.
Look up the new words.
Найдите / посмотрите новые слова (в словаре).
He stopped reading and looked up.
Он перестал читать и поднял глаза / посмотрел вверх.
The phrasal verb "put out" in the first sentence literally means "put outside" and is the sum of the meanings of "put" and "out". The phrasal verb "put out" in the second sentence is idiomatic because it means "extinguish (the light, fire, or cigarette)" and is not the sum of the literal meanings of "put" and "out".
The phrasal verb "look up" in the first sentence is idiomatic because it means "find in a reference book" and is not the sum of the literal meanings of "look" and "up". The phrasal verb "look up" in the second sentence literally means "look up" and is the sum of the meanings of "look" and "up".
The literal meanings of verbs with postpositions present no difficulty for understanding. The literal meanings of the postpositions in such phrasal verbs often correspond to the meaning of prefixes in Russian verbs, for example, come in, go out, run out, give away, turn away.
But verbs with postpositions very rarely, if ever, have only the literal meaning or only one meaning. Verbs with postpositions are verbs with several idiomatic meanings, and they can be used in different situations instead of more specific verbs.
Verbs with postpositions are mostly used in simple tenses. Verbs with postpositions are usually less formal than their one-word synonyms and are widely used in conversational English.
Note: There is a variation (or combination) of the two basic constructions described above. In it, the verb with a postposition is followed by a preposition and a suitable noun.
I'm looking forward to your letter.
Я с нетерпением ожидаю вашего письма.
She walked out on him.
Она ушла от него. (бросила его).
He is through with the report.
Он закончил с докладом.
The most common constructions of this type are also given in the lists of phrasal verbs.
Short List and Main List
Verbs with postpositions and verbs with prepositions and nouns are listed alphabetically in the collections Short List and Main List. The Short Lists include the most common phrasal verbs for beginning students. Note that phrasal verbs with postpositions (for example, look around, look out, look up) and phrasal verbs with prepositions (for example, look after, look for, look into) are listed separately in the Short Lists.
The Main List (in three parts) includes phrasal verbs for intermediate students of English. The Main List includes verbs with postpositions and verbs with prepositions and nouns. Only the most common and the most useful meanings of phrasal verbs are listed in the Main List.