Transport system and logistics technologies

Federal Agency of Railway Transport

Ural State University of Railway Transport

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Transport system and logistics technologies

 

 

 

Teacher:         Students:

Anashkina N.Y.        Hatmulina A.Yu.

                                                                                                     Group: МЭ-519

                                

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Contents:

 

1.Transport system……………………………………………………....3

2.Logistics technologies…………………………………………………6

3. Intermodal and multimodal transportation…………………………...9

4. Door to door technology…………………………………………….11

 

 

 

 

1. Transport system

      In the context of the dynamic development of the economy, improving  the efficiency of using production capacity, the important role is  played by the transport system.

      Unified transport system - a set of Railways, conveyances, technical devices and mechanisms, control and communication systems, facilities of all types of transport, united by a system of technological, technical, informational, legal and economic relationships that ensure the needs of the economy in the carriage of goods and passengers. It brings together rail, road, sea, river, air, oil pipelines and petroleum product pipelines, gas pipelines, urban, industrial, and electronic modes of transport.

      Means of communication - it's roads, railways and waterways , air lines , pipelines, monorail and cable cars , special lines, furnished , fitted and equipped for the movement of rolling stock, the movement of goods and passengers.   

      Conveyances - is rolling , pipes , containers , trays , disposable or reusable containers . 

      Rolling stock - it's locomotives, cars , ships , planes , helicopters, blimps , cars , semi-trailers , trailers , transport tractors , transport capsule.    

      Technical equipment and machinery - is handling machines , conveyors , hoppers , package forming machines , etc.   

     The controls and connections - a set of devices, providing collection, storage , processing and transmission of information .   

       Arrangement of all types of transport - this railway stations , railway stations , airports , marinas , garages , parking lots , docks, repair shops, factories, warehouses , loading and unloading points , compressor and pump stations, service stations , etc.    

     The volume of traffic - is the number of tons of cargo , scheduled for transport or have transported .    

      Turnover - a measure of the transport work planned or expended for the transportation .   

     The passenger - is made ​​or planned transportation work on the transport of passengers , from the number of passengers on an average distance of their trip.

      The transport system of the country is a large and complex set of Railways, subdivided into main public transport, industrial and urban.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

       Industrial transport performs the movement of objects and products of work in the manufacturing sector. Main public transport includes rail, road, sea, river, air and pipeline. Public transport provides transportation inside the city, and includes subway, trolley, tram, bus, taxi, truck, etc. In the sphere of appeal transportation carried out by all kinds of public transport. The role and importance of these depend on the size of the country, its level of industrial development and other factors.

      Railway transport in many industrialized countries, among other modes of transport is one of the leading places. This is due to its universality - the opportunity to service-producing sectors of the economy and meet the needs of the population in the transportation, regardless of the weather: in all weather conditions and at any time of the year. That is why, despite the relatively rapid development of road, air and pipeline transport, for more than 175 years of rail transport remains the primary means of cargo transportation and mass transportation of population.

       However, rail transport affects other aspects of life in the state, participating in inter-regional relations in the sphere of culture, social change, international tourism cooperation and makes an important contribution to scientific and technical progress. During its existence, the length of railways of the world reached nearly 1.3 million km, while it have no equal on volume of carrying capacity and continuity of operations. A perspective direction in the development of rail is high-speed ground transportation, which will be able to compete with air transport.

      Automobile transport provides: 1) a relatively high speed of movement; 2) the delivery of goods to areas where there are no other kind of transport. It is the most convenient because it allows you to deliver goods directly from the sender to the consignee without overload efficient intra-urban and inter-city passenger transportation. However, the cost of freight and passenger transport by road higher in comparison with other kind of transport.

      Marine transport provides mass transportations to foreign countries, and between the ports in the country, which are located on the shores of the seas. Marine transport is most effective on areas where sea routes shorter than the ground, and where there are no other types of mass transport.

      River transport provides local and long-distance traffic on the routes that coincide with the location of navigable rivers and canals. It has high carrying capacity, and especially when using large capacity ships in the deep rivers, and on the river-sea routes. Cost of river traffic is lower than other types of transport.

      Air transport - the high-speed type of transport by which carried out mainly passenger services on short and long distances. Specific weight freight traffic is low. The work of air transportation is very influenced by the weather conditions. Cost of airlift significantly higher than in other types.

      Pipeline transport is the youngest of all kinds of a transport. It is used primarily for the transportation of petroleum, petroleum products and natural gas and is almost independent of weather conditions, is able to transport liquid and gaseous products at very long distances, is a relatively cheap form of transportation.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. Logistics technologies 

      Transport logistics - a system for organizing the delivery of any material objects, substances, etc. from one point to another along the best route. It’s one of the areas of management science information and material flows in the process of movement of goods.

Tasks of the transport logistics:

• Selection of the type of vehicle.
• Joint planning of transport processes with warehouse and manufacturing operations.
• Joint planning of transport processes in various types of a transport.
• Providing technological unity of transport and storage process.
• Definition of rational supply routes.

One of the main tasks of logistics is the choice of transport. In this regard there are following criteria for selecting the type of transport.

- The delivery time;

- The frequency of shipments of cargo;

- Reliability meet the schedule of delivery;

- The ability to carry different cargoes;

- The ability to deliver the goods anywhere in the territory;

- The cost of transportation.

     Besides the main task of logistics is selecting the most favorable for the supplier and customer conditions of delivery of cargo. For this purpose by International Chamber of Commerce accepted the basic conditions of supply of goods by any type of transport – Incoterms. Incoterms regulate the following items:

• distribution between the vendor and the buyer of transportation costs to deliver the goods, that is, determining which costs and how long is the seller, and which, from what moment - the buyer.
• the point of transfer from the seller to customer the risks of damage, loss or accidental loss of cargo.
• the date of delivery of the goods, that is the definition of the actual transfer by the seller to the buyer or his representative - for example, the transport organization - and, therefore, whether, or not the first of its obligations under the terms of delivery.

       Incoterms 2010 defines 11 terms, 7 of them are applicable to any kind of transport of basic transportation.

• EXW (ex works, ex warehouse , ex-factory )cargo  is taken by the buyer with the seller of the contract seller's warehouse , payment of export duties charged with the responsibility of the buyer.
• FCA (free carrier) the goods are delivered to the carrier main customer, the contract specified in the departure terminal , export duties shall pay the seller.
• CPT (carriage paid to ...) the goods are delivered to the carrier main customer , the main transportation to the agreement referred to in the arrivals terminal paid by the seller , the costs borne by the buyer for the insurance , import customs clearance , and delivery to the arrival terminal of the main carrier carries buyer .
• CIP (carriage and insurance paid to ...) same as CPT, but the main transportation is insured by the seller.
• DAT (delivered at terminal) delivery to the specified in the contract of import customs terminal is paid, that is the main export fees and transportation , including insurance paid by the seller , customs clearance for imports carried out by the buyer
• DAP (delivered at point) delivery to the destination specified in the contract , import duties and local taxes paid by the buyer .
• DDP (delivered duty paid): the goods are delivered to the customer in the place of destination specified in the contract, stripped of all duties and risks.

      Also, Incoterms 2010 defines four terms that apply only to marine transport and transport of territorial waters:

• FOB (free on board): goods are shipped to the customer ship, handling paid by the seller.
• FAS (free alongside ship): ship the goods are delivered to customer, the contract is the port of loading, handling and loading paid by the buyer.
• CFR (cost and freight): the goods are delivered to the specified port of destination in the contract customer, insurance basic transportation, unloading and handling paid by the buyer.
• CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight: the same as CFR, but the main transport insures the seller.

      Each term is defined by the three-letter abbreviation, the first letter indicates the point of transition commitments of the seller to the buyer.

E - at the place of departure (departure)

F - in the main departure terminal transportation, Main Carriage Unpaid

C - at the arrival of the main transport terminals, the main carriage paid

D - the buyer, the full service (arrival).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3. Intermodal and multimodal transportation

       In the process of procurement and delivery of material resources, as well as the distribution of finished products to consumers manufacturer can use different modes of transport, various logistics partners, as well as a variety of transportation options.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

      Multimodal transportation – is cargo transportation, involving the use of different modes of transport: sea, road, rail and air, as well as transshipment terminals. Almost all are multi-modal international transportation. This type of traffic requires coordination among all participants in the transport chain, and ensuring the coordination of the - one of the basic obligations of the freight forwarding company to the customer. On the whole transportation issue a single document.

     Intermodal transportation is also carried out with the help of several modes of transport. Unlike her from the multimodal is that the carrier provides transportation of cargo is not alone, but with the help of outside companies. Depending on the number of participants in the multiple carriers available for sender of documents.

      In the intermodal transportation cargo owner enters into an agreement transport route all the way from one person (the operator). It can be, for example, forwarding company, which, acting all over consignment different modes of transport, releases cargo from the need to enter into contractual relations with other transport enterprises.

      For multimodal transportation out of the country (export -Imports) The importance of customs cargo clearance procedures acquire the importance meaning, as well as transport legislation and commercial and legal aspects in countries on the route of cargo.

      One reason for the widespread inter / multimodal transportation logistics - a significant reduction in the cost transportation by combining several modes of transport.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4. Door to door technology

       Cargo transportation "door to door" - a special service, which implies a scheme of cargo transportation, which eliminates participation of the real cargo owner in all its stages. All obligations assumes transportation and logistics company. Its experts lay the responsibility for drawing up the optimal route of cargo, involving, as a rule, several modes of transport, preparation of all necessary documents, obtaining licenses, permits and certificates, co-ordination of key players in the process of continuous monitoring of transport.

       Of particular difficulty is the international cargo performed by the technology of "door to door". In this case, the operator transportation (logistics or freight forwarder) is committed to coordinate the actual carriers, stevedoring companies operating in different countries. And also - the customs clearance procedures which in different countries as different. It is not always experts selected the operating company are present at all stages of transportation, but be sure they are responsible for them. Therefore delivery "door to door" in operator's responsibility is also a control over the work of its partners.

      Such technology of cargo transportation has several advantages:

• low cost of transportation
• reduction in delivery time
• documentation and monitoring of the implementation of transportation are concentrated in the same hands
• high effectiveness

                                                                           Ekaterinburg 2013