Phonetic features of english languages in australia

table of contents

 

introduction

Part 1. The problem of the existence of different varieties of English

1.1 The increase in the influence of English in the world

1.2 Regional variations of English

1.2.1 Types of English in the world

1.2.2 Australian Language Peculiarities

Part 2. Australian English

2.1 Separation of Australian English

2.2 Main characteristics of Australian

2.2.1 Phonetic features of Australian English

2.2.2 Vowels

2.2.3 Consonants

2.2.4 Australian to English languages comparison

Conclusion

References

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

introduction

 

This course work is devoted to varieties of the English language, namely its Australian version. The theme is the Australian version of the English language. In the 60 -ies of XX century. the spread of English has become very broad. Some countries initially used it as a means of inter-ethnic communication , then the language is gradually mutated and became a mother for the population. For example, British English started the American version , and then the Australian and South African . In the XX century . developed Nigerian , Indian , Singaporean options and numerous new varieties of English (New Englishes).

Australian English has only recently , with the beginning of the colonization of the Australian continent by the British in the XVIII century : once in 1788 there was established penal colony of New South Wales (state in the eastern part of Australia). Then return to Australia and other groups : residents Cockney from London and other major cities , military families , miners . As a result of economic instability 1850s about 2 per cent of the UK population have emigrated to Australia (encyclopedia Wikipedia). With the gradual destruction of the indigenous English took the leading position on the continent. However, due to the remoteness of the metropolis it began to appear different from standard English , which we will discuss in this paper .

On the relevance of the topic shows a wide interest of researchers in varieties of English language or language variation . Interest in the language variants can be explained by heterogeneity and complexity of their application. Today, the need for theoretical research and practical study of the language , combined with the development of society, in-depth study of people's culture - a native speaker is well recognized. There is no doubt the fact that today it is impossible to teach certain " averaged language " , without regard to its variation. In this regard, of particular importance to the study of a complex system of forms of existence of language - from the literary language to dialect. Each regional version of the English language is not only a spatial projection of the language, as well as the projection of the social, cultural and historical . Therefore, a correct assessment of all these factors may shed light on the complexity and uniqueness of the linguistic situation in Australia . And of course, we are particularly important study of Australian English , because the relations between Russia and Australia are becoming increasingly important : in Australia, the days pass Russia , there are opened branches Russian universities for the past 200 years, developing economic relations .

The objectives of this study :

1. Highlight the problem of the existence of different variants of the English language, consider their main features ;

2 . Consider , examine and describe the territorial version of the English language in Australia, taking into account the socio-linguistic and extra-linguistic factors;

3 . Specify the features of Australian English ;

In accordance with the objectives of the main objectives are:

1. Identify the prerequisites of language options;

2 . Description of the main characteristics of the varieties of English

3 . Analysis and description of Australian English ;

4 . Identification of the main prerequisites for the creation of the modern Australian English .

In the work we used encyclopedias , lingvostranovedcheskie and bilingual English- Russian dictionaries in Australia. We reviewed the work of linguists such as Ginsburg, SS, Arnold I. and many others. Considerable interest was the work Oshchepkovo VV : its analysis of Australian English has caused us a special interest.

Research technique defined goals and objectives of the work .

The main methods of the study, which served as a tool for the selection of factual material and were a necessary condition for achieving the goal of the paper are the following :

- Descriptive method ;

- comparative comparative method ;

method of linguistic description ;

The results of the study have theoretical and practical importance. In theoretical terms , this course work contributes to the study of Australian English , complements and generalizes existing in the linguistic literature data concerning the Australian version of the English language and its distinctive features.

The practical value of the course work is the ability to use the findings and the actual research material for students in the study of lexicology , geography, language typology , as well as for further research .

The structure of the work is determined posed in her research tasks . Course work consists of an introduction , theoretical and practical part , conclusions, and references and dictionaries. The introduction reveals the relevance of the theme , identifies goals and objectives , describes the material and methods of research substantiates the practical value of foreign exchange .

In the first and second part describes the basic theoretical principles and concepts relating to the varieties of English , the main features of the regional options and features of the language situation and language relations in Australia.

In conclusion, contains the main conclusions from the study and formed some directions for further development of the idea of the course .

Of course , we can not cover all aspects within the same course work , but this work can be a good basis for further theoretical and practical studies.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Part 1. The problem of the existence of different varieties of English

 

1.1 The increase in the influence of English in the world

australia lexical English

One of the peculiarities of the English language - is its use as a national, state and official literary language of not one but many nations.

Along with some other languages ​​of the world , the English language in the UK , USA, Canada , Australia, New Zealand, a number of developing countries in Asia and Africa , the former colonies of the United Kingdom refers to polinatsionalnym and multiethnic languages, belongs to not one, but several nations , not just one and several ethnic groups . Such a wide spread of English is due to the expansive policy of Britain in the Middle Ages . The small kingdom of Albion was able to expand their holdings by winning or by opening a huge , often unexplored territories around the world. English-speakers settled in these areas either voluntarily , as representatives of the ruling circles, as researchers , missionaries , simple farmers , who at home could never even get a piece of land , and in the New Territories have become owners of large plots of land. Or the Royal Government colonize new lands undesirable elements : to Australia 's convict in the New World ( America ) ran to the legitimate Protestant.

In the history of the spread of English is divided into three periods , during which time it has undergone significant changes. These changes were not so many choices of English as standard English , but they later spread to the options that we will consider later. Therefore, a short list of those periods.

First period - the early Middle Ages, when as a result of the Norman conquest of influence of the French language and some other languages ​​into English was so significant that it is a relatively short time has become more romance than the German . In the English language came to words such as : state, government, parliament,, justice, crime, prison, pupil, lesson, library, science, pen and many others.

Second period - the Renaissance and subsequent years , when the English borrowed a large amount of vocabulary of classical languages ​​( Latin and Greek ) and a number of creative playwrights , especially Shakespeare, greatly enriched him . There are these words : moderate, intelligent, permanent, to elect, to create, atom, cycle, ethics, philosophy, method, music ( Atrushina , GB , 1999 , pp. 47-49) .

The third period - the end of the second millennium - the beginning of the new millennium .

According to estimates O. Jespersen , the number of speaking in English in 1500 was about 4 million. By 1900, it rose sharply to 123 million by the end of the XX century. this figure had increased almost 10 -fold compared with 1900 Today, researchers suggest that the number of English speakers varies between 1.2 and 1.5 billion people . These figures include those for whom English is their native language (native language), second (ESL) and foreign language (EFL). For comparison: in Chinese spoken in his eight variants with a common writing system , says some 1.1 billion people .

In the 60 -ies of XX century. the spread of English has become very broad. Some countries initially used it as a means of inter-ethnic communication , then the language is gradually mutated and became a mother for the population. For example, British English started the American version , and then the Australian and South African . In the XX century . developed Nigerian , Indian , Singaporean options and numerous new varieties of English (New Englishes). Some linguists have suggested that this may indicate the development of a new family of languages. ( Oshchepkova VV , 2004, p16 -18 )

Of course, English is used differently in the British Isles and in Australia, the U.S. and New Zealand , Canada and India. English also has some features in Wales, Scotland , other parts of the British Isles and America. The various features of the English language, we now consider.

Standard English - the official language of the United Kingdom being taught in schools and universities , is used in the press, on radio and television, and is recognized wherever speak English . His vocabulary is contrasted with the vocabulary of the dialects. Local dialects - English language options that are specific to certain areas and lead to normal non-literary forms of the language . Regional variants possessing a literary form called the language variants . Only in the UK , there are two options , a Scottish English and Irish English and the five main groups of dialects : Northern, midland, East, West and South . Each group in turn contains up to ten dialects.

One of the most famous of Southern dialects - Cockney , a regional dialect of London , characterized by a large number of variations in pronunciation, and small differences in vocabulary and syntax. "Encyclopedia Britannica" examines how a Cockney accent, not recognizing its status dialect.

Currently dialects are mainly stored in the rural communities in the speech of elderly people. Their distinctive features tend to disappear due to the migration of people in search of work and the growing influence of urban life in the countryside. Dialects are subject to rapid change under the influence of Standard English (SE), taught in schools, is heard in the speech of speakers radio , television and in the movies. (Arnold IV , 1986, pp. 262 - 265)

After a brief review of dialects turn to a discussion of options

 

1.2 Regional variations of English

 

As we said earlier, there are several variants of the English language : British, American , Australian, New Zealand , South African , Nigerian , Indian , Singaporean options and many new varieties of English (New Englishes). In this article we look at some of them. Detailed consideration within the same course work , unfortunately, is impossible, so we present only the main features.

The differences between the English language in the UK, U.S. , Australia and Canada are particularly noticeable in terms of phonetics. However, these differences are limited articulatory - acoustic characteristics of some phonemes , some differences in the use of others, and the differences in the rhythm and intonation of speech. Some characteristics of phonemes in the embodiment of the American pronunciation are alien to the British literary norms , but may be acceptable for some British dialects.

The differences in vocabulary are not numerous. Most of them - the difference in the semantic structure of words and their use.

The differences in grammar mainly lie in the fact that the grammatical category or form is replaced by another. For example , the preference Past Indefinite in American form Present Prefect in the UK , or creating forms Future Tense with an auxiliary verb conjugations will to all . Recent studies have also shown that the form Present Continuous in the value of the future tense is used twice as often as in the British version than in the U.S. , Canada and Australia ; infinitive constructions are used less frequently in American (AmE) and more frequently in the British (BrE) and Australian ( AuE), a passive design , however, often used in the United States than in the UK and Australia. (R. 3 . Ginsburg , 1979 . , Pp. 200 - 205 )

Since BrE, AmE and AuE have a similar system in general, grammar, phonetic system and vocabulary of a language , they can not be regarded as a variety of languages ​​. And while they may not be related to the dialects .

 

1.2.1 Types of English in the world

Different types of English Language (American / British /Australian etc)

 

English the lingua franca of the world exists in different varieties. The people of a particular geographical location add their own regional spice to the English language making it a specific type. The most popular types of English are the:

 

(1) American

(2) British

(3) Australian

 

Not just these there are New Zealand, Indian and Canadian types of English too. And each of these types is internationally recognized. No specific English type is superior in Status. Certain spelling types and usage demarcate these languages from one another. Also that these language styles are rampant in their own geographical area is a significant point to be considered.

 

To begin with English is spoken as a first language in many countries-- England, Scotland, Ireland, America, Canada, South Africa and New Zealand. There is a lot of fundamental difference between English spoken in England and the English spoken in the USA. The difference could be primarily attributed to pronunciation. Even considering country itself there is a regional variation in the English language spoken. Even within the British Isles there are many varieties of English spoken. The English of England is different from the English of Scotland. Even within England there are many regional dialects of the English language. With so many dialects found in a language it’s going to be increasingly difficult for the language analysts.

 

In India owing to history the natives speak more of British English than the American English. But the ushering in of the IT era and the concept of multinationals and immigration playing widely there is a lot of variety of English used in India now. Indians precisely follow the Southern British dialect also called as the RP or the Received Pronunciation. Received suggests that the variety of English spoken is more social in context than regional.

 

The important point that this rather detailed description shows is, that though at first the dialectical forms sound wrong if you are used to Standard English, they can be explained in linguistic terms in exactly the same way as Standard English forms. It is simply that different choices were made among the varied speech communities forming the speakers of English in the past. These choices are not conscious or deliberate, but pronunciation is always changing, and leads in time to changes in word forms. All the authenticated forms of English are accepted and acceptable. One need not worry too much about the varieties of English. You may be wondering about these varieties but having some basic insight into the above information might be good to you and help you deal with problems that you might encounter owing to ignorance of English language varieties. English is no longer a monolithic entity and has been modified according to need and purpose. The primary purpose of such a thing could be ascribed to the need of simplicity. There are not just dialects now in English but idiolects, slang, vernacular, jargon and many more. All these emerge out of purpose, if some dialects are for the layman some are for the professional community. A number of changes are constantly being made to English grammar, syntax, vocabulary, spelling and pronunciation, making the changes in the language a continuous and dynamic process.

 

1.4 Australian Language Peculiarities

 

As a result of social conflict in Australia, the Australian version of English has some peculiarities that differentiate it from other versions of English around the world.

One of the peculiarities is that there are three, rather than one, accents. About ten per cent of Australian men speak like Paul Hogan with what is known as a broad accent. Although only a small minority of Australians actually use broad accents, it has a great deal of cultural credibility. For example, it is used by a disproportionately large number of newsreaders. It is also used in a disproportionately large number of television commercials. Around 80 per cent of Australians speak like Nicole Kidman with what is known as a British received accent or general Australian English. A final ten per cent speak with a cultivated accent, which sounds like someone educated at Oxford University in England. Although it is not very popular today, in past eras, the cultivated accent had the kind of cultural credibility that the broad accent has today. For example, newsreaders on the government funded ABC had to speak with the cultivated accent. Since there was a shortage of Australian men able to speak in the accent, male newsreaders were imported from England.

A second cultural peculiarity of Australia is that there is a significant difference between how men speak, and how women speak. It is quite rare to find a woman speaking with a broad Australian accent, and quite rare to find a man speaking with the cultivated accent. A woman speaking with a broad accent would be like a woman wearing a blue bonds singlet and talking about pig shooting. Likewise, a man with a cultivated accent would be like a man wearing a skirt and talking about make-up. No other English speaking country has the same gender difference in pronunciation.

A third peculiarity is that there is no regional variance in the accent. Despite the vast distances between Australian cities, and the very different migrant histories in the cities, all Australians speak with one of the three accents, with roughly the same proportion of speakers in each region. The lack of regional variance suggests that regional identities have not as strong in Australia as they have been in different parts of Britain and America. Instead, most of the Australian identities have related revolved around a pro-Australia anti-Australia social dynamic that has existed Australia wide. Alternatively, Australians may have had different conceptions about gender identities. Men have been expected to be more of the roguish side while women more on the refined side. If compared to New Zealanders, Australian men are definitely more masculine while Australian women are more feminine.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Findings

In the first part of our course work , we briefly discuss some variants of English and their features. We found that each version of the English language is unique in its composition and even the base of each of the options is a single standard , to deny the existence of these options is not possible. Each of the variants of the English language is the only local option, and not a separate language . As shown in these versions of English do not have any of their special vocabulary or grammatical structure of their special .

In general, these variants of the English language is characterized by a simplified spelling ( eg , elimination of redundant signs , an example of eliminating exceptions to the rule , the use of less common image for word more common ) . At the same time, all these processes are carried out on the material is English.

English - the most widely used language in the world. It is used as a native , second and foreign language. In most countries it is taught in schools as the primary foreign language, displacing other languages ​​. It is no wonder that over time, there are new versions of it , because in every single country on the tongue affect different social and geographical factors .

In the second part of our work , we take a closer look Australian English .

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Part 2 . Australian English

 

2.1 Separation of Australian English

 

Since the early 1970s , the world situation has changed: England ceased to dominate their overseas colonies , as agreed to join the European Union and in the consciousness of Australians have been significant changes : Australia ceased to be perceived by them as part of Britain in the Pacific - now it became an independent country with its own characteristics . Only in the Australian culture and languages ​​of people who came from all corners of the world , take its rightful place - it is a phenomenon not repeated in any other country as well as here. Australians have become more aware of belonging to the Asia -Pacific part of the world . Researchers identify a number of factors that contributed to this change , among them:

- Multilingual composition of the Australian population : the population census in 1991 showed that 14.5 % of the population do not use English when communicating at home, in the big cities , this percentage is much higher ( 26% in Melbourne , Sydney 24.9 %) and Northern Territory , near the greatest concentration of aboriginal people - 23.7 % ;

- The weakening of ties with Britain , in particular, after the withdrawal of the UK from the east the Suez Canal and the abolition of the traditional privileges of the inhabitants of the British Commonwealth of Nations in Great Britain after its accession to the European Union ;

- A global movement for the rights of ethnic groups , the principles of which was proclaimed reformist government, led by Whitlam , elected in 1972 ;