Types of adverbial modifiers

TYPES OF ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS:

1. The adverbial modifier of time
2. --- of  place or direction, e.g. He left for London yesterday. ‘For London’ is an adverbial modifier of direction.
3. --- of frequency (частоты)
4. --- of manner (образа действия)
5. --- of attendant circumstances (сопутствующих условий), e.g. He left the room without asking any questions. She was walking round the hall, everything forgotten.
6. --- of degree and measure, e.g. It is very interesting. ‘Very’ is an adverbial modifier of degree. This sculpture weighs a ton. ‘A ton’ is an adverbial modifier of measure.
7. --- of cause, e.g. Having studied English at university, now he found it easy to speak. The infant died due to negligence. ‘Having studied English at university’ and ‘due to negligence’ are adverbial modifiers of cause.
8. --- of result (with too + and adjective or participle and an infinitive or infinitive phrase), e.g. She is too tired to walk. ‘To walk’ is an adverbial modifier of result.
9. --- of condition (it is very rare). E.g. I’d have failed the exam but for you. ‘But for you’ is an adverbial modifier of condition.
10. --- of comparison, e.g. She is as tall as her mother. Like my sister, I am good at languages. ‘As her mother’ and ‘like my sister’ are adverbial modifiers of comparison.
11. --- of consession (уступки, соотв. Русскому обст-ву со словом хотя). Though tired, she helped me a lot. ‘Though tired’ is an adverbial modifier of consession.
12. --- of purpose, e.g. They went to Italy in order to have some fun. We are sending the brochure for you to study. ‘in order to have some fun’ and. ‘for you to study’‘ are adverbial modifiers of purpose.

THE OBJECT

The object is a secondary part of the sentence which is grammatically dependent on the predicate and completes or restricts the meaning of a verb (in a compound verbal predicate) or an adjective/a noun in a compound nominal predicate.

E.g. He finished work. They are fond of their grandchildren.

There are two main types of object: direct and indirect.

The direct object (прямое дополнение) is used after transitive (переходных) verbs and denotes a person or thing affected by the action of the verb. It is used without any preposition. В русском языке прямое дополнение употребляется без предлога и в винит. падеже.

E.g. He painted a picture. He met his friend.

NOTE: Some verbs in English take a direct object while their equivalents in Russian take a prepositional object (предложное дополнение), and vice versa.

E.g. It influences us. – Ср. Это влияет на всех. (‘us’ is the direct object in the English sentence while ‘на нас’ is a prepositional object.

I can play the piano. Ср. Я умею играть на пианино. (‘the piano’ is the direct object, ‘на пианино’ is the prepositional object).

The indirect object (косвенное дополнение) can be of two types:

1. The indirect object expressing the addressee of the action expressed by the verb (косвенное дополнение адресата), it usually comes after verbs like show, give, report, send, tell, explain, demonstrate, etc.;
2. The prepositional indirect (предложное дополнение) which is used after intransitive verbs with various prepositions.

E.g.

He gave me the book. (‘me’ is an indirect object expressing the addressee of the action, ‘the book’ is the direct object).

He gave the book to me. (‘to me’ me’ is an indirect object expressing the addressee of the action, here it is used with the preposition ‘to’ as it goes after the direct object, ‘the book’ is the direct object.

Similar examples: The lecturer showed his students some slides. The lecturer showed some slides to the students.

This depends on you. I’m afraid of dogs. The girl was talking with her boyfriend. – Here we find prepositional indirect objects.

NOTE: such verbs as report, mention, explain, dictate, demonstrate, announce and some others can be followed only by the direct object. The indirect object expressing the addressee of the action comes after the direct object only and is used with the preposition to.

E.g. The teacher explained the rule to us. (NOT ‘The teacher explained us the rule’!!!)

We must report the theft to the police.