Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 20 Июня 2013 в 00:37, курсовая работа
The aim of the course paper is to describe the phenomenon of globalization (especially in cultural sphere), to analyze the effects produced by globalization and call attention both to its negative and positive impacts. The understanding of globalization’s negative effects on culture can help us preserve our values and cultural identity, while the knowledge of its positive influences will allow us to derive benefits from it.
For most of human history, people’s picture of the world was determined by their immediate surroundings. There was no way of knowing what was happening on the other side of the planet. The 20th century has seen a profound change. Technology has brought people together. Television programs showing life in New York or Paris are watched in Argentina, Botswana and Indonesia. Books written in Germany or Canada are routinely printed Spain, Hong Kong or China. Wearing jeans, eating burgers and listening to rock or rap have become the habits of hundreds of millions of people across the globe.
Members of this group therefore may be more likely to think of themselves as "citizens of the world." They can feel as at home in Tokyo, Rome, or Hong Kong as they would in New York or Los Angeles. Reich says they have been the biggest winners in the globalization game, and comprise most of the membership of those who are shaping the globalization agenda. However, as his essay also notes, this does not mean that members of this group are in agreement with each other on many, or any, of the decisions being made about globalization, or that they share an understanding of its implications. In contrast, the rest of society - being more national or regional in its outlook—is not only more sensitive to the intrusions of global culture on their local norms, but is also more likely to bear the economic costs of the disruptions of globalization and serve in the military.34
CONCLUSION
After my research I arrived at the conclusion that globalization is a complex phenomenon that has had far-reaching effects. Not surprisingly, therefore, the term “globalization” has acquired many emotive connotations and become a hotly contested issue in current political discourse. In the first chapter I come to the point that globalization can be best defined as a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.35 This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world. Globalization is not a new phenomenon: its history began when the first humans started moving from place to place taking with them their beliefs and traditions. Globalization got its modern sense after the 1950’s. There exist four main globalizing factors: migration, trade, environment and the internet. Globalization may also create tensions, such as individual choice versus societal choice, free market versus government intervention and local authority versus extra- or supra-local authority.
In the second chapter it is concluded that culture is a dynamic and protean process, it is not motionless: cultures move, adapt and change. Cultural globalization is a phenomenon that includes the interconnections and interchanges of people, images and commodities, which transcend the nation-state. Technology has now created the possibility and even the likelihood of a global culture. The Internet, fax machines, satellites, and cable TV are sweeping away cultural boundaries. Global entertainment companies shape the perceptions and dreams of ordinary citizens, wherever they live. Cultural globalization in some respects is understood as “Americanization”, “McDonaldization” or “Westernization” but these concepts do not include all sides of cultural globalization. At one extreme, globalization is seen as an irresistible and benign force for delivering prosperity to people throughout the world. At the other, it is blamed as a source of all contemporary ills. The impact of globalization on culture is problematic in many ways. Culture is challenged by globalization. Globalization influences cultural identity. Science and technology make the world globalized and globalization reflects somewhat of the theory of convergence, but in deeper sense, it promotes cultural identity. With the development of science and technology, people are closer than before. They become much more concerned about their cultural identity and are constantly searching for their cultural roots and defending them.
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