Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 14 Мая 2013 в 07:47, лекция
When Kyrgyzstan became absorbed into the Russian empire at the end of the nineteenth century, a number of secular schools appeared – so called “native schools”. Although they were called “native” schools, this term referred simply to the local population and so they brought together pupils from many different cultures represented in the local population: Kyrgyz, Dungans, Tartars, and Uzbeks, as well as other nationalities. They brought to their pupils a knowledge of both the Russian language and of Russian culture, and by 1914 were found throughout the territory now known as Kyrgyzstan, (in Alexandrovka, At Bashi, Ketmen Tebe, Naryn, Osh, Pishpek (Bishkek), Pokrovka, Prezhervalsk (Karakol), Sazonovka, Sokuluk, Talas, Tokmak and Tynaevka).
Education In Kyrgyzstan
This is quite a long postcard but I hope that, (especially given my background), you’ll bear with me. I have been asked some questions about the educational system here in Kyrgyzstan … so, here are The first thing to say is that “Education is a highly prized commodity in the Kyrgyz Republic.”
When Kyrgyzstan became absorbed into the Russian empire at the end of the nineteenth century, a number of secular schools appeared – so called “native schools”. Although they were called “native” schools, this term referred simply to the local population and so they brought together pupils from many different cultures represented in the local population: Kyrgyz, Dungans, Tartars, and Uzbeks, as well as other nationalities. They brought to their pupils a knowledge of both the Russian language and of Russian culture, and by 1914 were found throughout the territory now known as Kyrgyzstan, (in Alexandrovka, At Bashi, Ketmen Tebe, Naryn, Osh, Pishpek (Bishkek), Pokrovka, Prezhervalsk (Karakol), Sazonovka, Sokuluk, Talas, Tokmak and Tynaevka). Some of the schools were boarding schools.
The school timetable: Usually the school year begins on 1st September – even if it happens to fall at the weekend. The first day of the year usually has the children dressed in their best clothes and they bring flowers to the classroom. In Soviet times September 1st was known as “Day of Knowledge” – to mark the start of the educational year, and also as “Day of Peace”. The lessons on this day were all dedicated to the theme of “Peace” and the tradition has continued although now, it is also known as the Day of the Kyrgyz State. There are proposals to move the start of the school year a couple of weeks later so that families can exploit the relatively mild weather and take a late holiday – or help with the harvest.
Teacher’s Day is marked on the first Sunday of October – one of a series of professional “holidays” designated to commemorate particular groups of workers.
“Last Bell” – May 25th is known as “Posledniy zvonok” – or “Last Bell”. It is the last day of classes in the school year for those in their final year. All that remains are the summer examinations. As elsewhere in the world – the day is usually marked with “high jinks” by those affected. That’s not the end of the year, however, as examinations will take place in the subsequent weeks, and lower classes may continue until June 22nd, when Attestats, (the formal record of results – graduation transcripts), are issued. These “attestats” are not the formal certificates, or diplomas, which are usually issued after the summer holidays.
Until 1990, the only university in Kyrgyzstan was Kyrgyz State University in the capital, Bishkek. However, in regional centers around the country, a large number of institutes affiliated with Kyrgyz State University offered a wide range of subjects and degrees upon graduation. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Kyrgyz State University still exists, but the former institutes have invariably been transformed by title and courses into universities. Thus, for example, the Osh Pedagogical Institute founded primarily for linguistic study in 1951 was renamed Osh State University in 1992 and offers programs in business. The major change within higher education since 1990 has been the need to charge admission or tuition fees, in part to offset diminishing government subsidies.
Administration: Institutions administer themselves, with oversight by the State, which grants a license that reads:
University: has the right to practice teaching activity in the sphere of high professional education with a variety of majors, levels of education, duration according to the attachment of this license and on terms of considering all the basic requirements of this document and limited contingent of students.
Professional Education: The only professional education in the republic is offered by western-owned businesses to train their workers and managers. Most of this training is done "in-house," but there have been instances of workers being sent out of the country for professional development. A part of the U.S. AID monies of the mid-1990s was dedicated to middle management training, particularly for lawyers and government officials who, after a month overseas, returned to Kyrgyzstan to participate in privatization and democratization.
Students Abroad: Given the difficulty of transition and the uncertain future of the nation, an ability to speak a foreign language—particularly English—with the resultant opportunities to study abroad, has become a major goal for students in higher education. Unfortunately, once students complete their studies overseas, they are often reluctant to return to Kyrgyzstan to become part of the labor force. Essentially a brain drain is occurring, and although it is on a small scale, it is enough to warrant concern. In 2001 there were 126 Kyrgyz students in the United States and fewer in Europe, with the majority of these in the United Kingdom. The major deterrent for Kyrgyz students to studying abroad is the high cost of tuition and living expenses outside Kyrgyzstan; hence most students studying outside Kyrgyzstan are on some kind of scholarship. Those few students whose studies abroad are funded with Kyrgyz money are required to return to Kyrgyzstan for a minimum of two years; however, often upon graduation, these students remain outside Kyrgyzstan to work.