Innovation of methods in foreign language teaching

In a 1996 paper published in The Harvard Educational Review, The New London Group (NLG) advocated developing multiliteracies through a pedagogy that involves a complex interaction of four factors which they called Situated Practice, Overt Instruction, Critical Framing, and Transformed Practice. According to the NLG, becoming multiliterate requires critical engagement in relevant tasks, interaction with diverse forms of communication made possible by electronic technologies, and participation in collaborative learning contexts. Warschauer (1999) concurred and stated that a pedagogy of critical inquiry and problem solving that provides the context for "authentic and collaborative projects and analyses" (p. 16) that support and are supported by the use of electronic technologies is necessary for ESL students to acquire the linguistic, social, and technological competencies key to literacy in a digital world.

According to a 1995 report published by the United States Department of Education, "technology is an important enabler for classes organized around complex, authentic tasks" and when "used in support of challenging projects, [technology] can contribute to students' sense ... that they are using real tools for real purposes." Technology use increases students' motivation as it promotes their active engagement with language and content through authentic, challenging tasks that are interdisciplinary in nature (McGrath, 1998). Technology use also encourages students to spend more time on task. As they search for information in a hyperlinked environment, ESL students benefit from increased opportunities to process linguistic and content information. Used as a tool for learning, technology supports a level of task authenticity and complexity that fits well with the interdisciplinary work inherent in content-based instruction and that promotes the acquisition of multiliteracies.

 

THEORY INTO PRACTICE

These research findings suggest that in our efforts to prepare ESL students for the challenges of the academic and workforce environments of the 21st century, we should adopt a pedagogical model that incorporates information technology as an integral component and that specifically targets the development of the range of literacies deemed necessary for success in a digital, information-oriented society. This paper describes a content-based pedagogy, which I call focus discipline research (Kasper, 1998a), and presents the results of a classroom study conducted to measure the effects of focus discipline research on the development of ESL students' literacy skills.

As described here, focus discipline research puts theory into practice as it incorporates the principles of cognitive learning theory, SLA research, and the four components of the NLG's (1996) pedagogy of multiliteracies. Through pedagogical activities that provide the context for situated practice, overt instruction, critical framing, and transformed practice, focus discipline research promotes ESL students' choice of and responsibility for course content, engages them in extended practice with linguistic structures and interdisciplinary material, and encourages them to become "content experts" in a subject of their own choosing.

English	Қазақша
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(the 8Ih form)	(8-сынып)
The theme of the lesson: Speaking about Kazakhstan	Сабақтың тақырыбы: Қазақстан туралы сұхбаттасу
The aim of the lesson: Educational:  To bring up the pupils to love their country, motherland in order to form the children's patriotic feeling. Development of the pupils' speaking habits. Developing: To teach the pupils to fulfil independent work.	Сабақтың мақсаттары: 1. Тәрбиелік: Оқушылардың ақпараттық құзыреттілік сезімін қалыптастыру мақсатында елін, Отанын сүюше тәрбиелеу. 2. Білімділік: Оқушылардың сөйлеу дағдысын дамыту. 3. Дамытушылық: Оқушыларды өз бетінше жұмыс істеуге дағдыландыру.
Visual  aids:   Tape-recorder,  pictures, text-book,  map  of Kazakhstan.	Сабақтың көрнекілігі: магнитофон, суреттер, оқулық, Қазақстан картасы.
Methods     of    the     lesson:     Explanation,     discussion, independent work, creative work. Exercise 11. Pages 121-122. Plan of the lesson I Organization moment -    What date is it today? -    What day is it today? -    What is the weather like today? II Phonetic drill Central Asia, Caspian Sea, Siberia, Altai Mountains, Kazakhstan III  Introducing the lesson We are going to read and discuss the text about Kazakhstan. IV  Pre-reading task What do you think when you hear the word “Kazakhstan"? Look at the blackboard and choose the word which describes Kazakhstan.          A big country, double-decker, steppe, Big-Ben, oil, multinational, an independent state, the Queen.	Сабақтың әдіс-тәсілі: түсіндірме, талдау, өзіндік жұмыстар, шығармашылық жұмыстар. Сабақтың барысы I Ұйымдастыру кезеңі. -    Бүгін аптаның қай күні? -    Бүгін айдың қаншасы? -    Бүгін ауа райы қандай? II Фонетикалык жаттығу Орталық Азия, Каспий теңізі, Сібір, Алтай таулары, Қазақстан III Сабақтың барысымен таныстыру. Біз бүгін Қазақстан туралы мәтінді оқып талқылаймыз. IV Жаңа сабақ алдындағы жұмыс. "Қазақстан" сөзін естігенде не туралы  ойлайсыңдар? Тақтадағы сөздерге  қарап Қазақстанды суреттейтін сөздерді таңдап алыңдар. Үлкен ел, екі-қабатты автобус, жазық дала, Биг-Бен, мұнай, көпұлтты, тәуелсіз мемлекет, королева.

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V Working on the text 1. Listening to the text   Kazakhstan The Republic of Kazakhstan is situated in the Central Asia. The area of Kazakhstan is 2753000 square kilometres. Its population is about 16 million. The population lives mostly in towns and cities and large villages. The largest cities are Almaty, Karaganda, Shimkent, Pavlodar and Astana. Astana is the capital of the Republic. Astana is situated in the central part of the country Kazakh is the official language of the country, but it is not the only language which people speak in the country. Russian and other languages are spoken here too. Kazakhstan is the largest state in the Central Asia. It extends some 1900 kilometres from the Volga River in the West to the Altai Mountains in the East and about 1300 kilometres from the Siberia plain in the North to the Central Asia deserts in the South. Kazakhstan borders China, Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kirgizia. There is a long border coast line on the Caspian sea in the Southwest. There are a few rivers and lakes in Kazakhstan. The four rivers are the main resources of water in the country. They are Ertis in the east, Syr-Dariya in the southwest, Ili in the southeast and Ural in the northwest of the country. The largest lakes are Balhash, Zaisan, Ala-Kol and Tengis. The flora and fauna of the country are different. They depend on the climate of the area. They are richer in the south and poorer in the north.   The climate of the country is strongly continental. It is cold in winter and hot in summer. Rain usually falls in spring and autumn. Snow falls in all areas but not at the same time. In the south snow falls in October or November, in the north it falls as rule in September or October. Sudden cold winds and snowfalls in winter often cause troubles for people. In spring green grass and flowers of different colours cover flat lands and hills. Kazakhstan has well-developed heavy industry in   many cities and towns. As the result of the development of heavy industry the country suffers serious environmental problems. Agriculture takes a very important sector in the national economy.

V Мәтінмен жұмыс. 1.  Үнтаспадан мәтінді тыңдау. 121-122 беттегі 2-жаттығу. Қазақстан Қазақстан Республикасы Орталық  Азияда орналасқан. Қазақстанның    көлемі 2753000 шаршы километрді құрайды. Халқы шамамен 16 миллион. Халқы кіші және үлкен қалаларда,   сонымен қатар, үлкен ауылдарда тұрады. Ең үлкен қалалары Алматы,   Қарағанды, Шымкент, Павлодар және Астана. Астана Республиканың бас қаласы. Астана еліміздің орталық бөлігінде орналасқан. Қазақ тілі еліміздің мемлекеттік тілі, алайда еліміздің халқы тек бір тілде ғана сөйлемейді. Орыс және басқа тілдерде де сөйлейді. Қазақстан Орта Азиядағы ең үлкен мемлекет. Ол батыста Волга өзеніне дейін, шығыста Алтай тауларына дейін созылып жатыр және солтүстігінде шамамен 1300 километрдей Сібір жазығынан оңтүстіктегі Орта Азиянын шөл даласын алып жатыр. Қазакстан Қытай, Ресей, Түркменстан, Өзбекстан және Қырғызстанмен шектеседі. Оңүстік-батыстағы Каспий тенізінде ұзын шекара сызығы өтеді. Қазақстанда өзендер мен көлдер аз. Еліміздегі төрт өзен негізгі су ресурсы болып табылады. Олар шығыста Ертіс, оңтүстік-батыста Сырдария, оңтүстік-шығыста Іле және солтүстік-батыста Орал өзендері. Ең үлкен көлдері Балқаш, Зайсан, Алакөл және Теңіз. Еліміздің жануарлар және өсімдіктер әлемі әртүрлі. Олар сол жердің климатына байланысты болады. Оңтүстік жан-жануарлар мен өсімдіктерге бай болса, ал солтүстікте олардын түрлері азырақ болып келеді. Еліміздін климаты континенттік болып келеді. Қыста суық, ал жазда ыстық. Жаңбыр әдетте көктемде және күзде жауады. Қар барлық жерде жауады, алайда қар еліміздін барлық жерінде бір мезгілде жаумайды. Оңтүстікте қар қазан немесе қарашада жауса, солгүстікте әдетте қыркүйекте немесе қазан айында жауады. Көктем мезгілінде жасыл шөптер мен түрлі-түсті гүлдер қырлар мен жазық даланы қаптайды. Қазақстанның көптеген қалаларында ауыр өнеркәсіп жақсы дамыған. Ауыр өнеркәсіптің дамуының салдарынан қоршаған ортаның ластануы мәселесі

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The people of the country grow wheat, millet, corn and cotton. As a sovereign state Kazakhstan has its own national flag and anthem and national traditions and holidays. The national flag of the country consists of a light blue field at the centre of which there is yellow sun framed by the wings of a flying eagle, also in yellow, with a vertical stripe of national ornamentations near the hoist. 3. Discussing the text a. Looking through the 1st and the 2nd  paragraphs and answering the questions.     Where is the Republic of Kazakhstan situated? What is the area of Kazakhstan? What is the population of Kazakhstan? What are the largest cities? What is the capital of Kazakhstan?  Where is Astana situated? What is the official language of the country? b. If  you answer the  following questions you will  get information about the 3rd and the 4th paragraphs. How many kilometres does Kazakhstan extend from the West to the East and from the North to the South? There are few rivers and lakes in Kazakhstan. What are they? Use the map of Kazakhstan. c. What is the 5 paragraph about? Give a full information. d. Read the 6th paragraph and translate in written form. e. Choose the symbols of Kazakhstan among these symbols and describe the national flag of the Republic. Consolidation Exercise X. Page 123. Giving information about Kazakhstan which the pupils like best of all. VII Setting the homework  Exercise XI Page 123. Exercise XII. Page 123.           VIII Giving marks Analysis of the lesson The aim of the lesson was to bring up the pupils to love their country, motherland in order to form the

бар.ұлттық эканомикада ауыл шаруашылығы маңызды орынға ие. Халқы бидай, тары, жүгері және мақта егеді. Қазақстан тәуелсіз мемлекет ретінде өзінің туы және гимні және ұлттық дәстүрлері және мерекелері бар. Еліміздің ұлттық туы ашық көк түстен, ал ортасында күн, қанатын жайған қыран және ұлттық ою-өрнекпен безендірілген. 3. Мәтінді талқылау. а. Бірінші және екінші тақырыпшаларды қайта қарап шығып және сұрақтарға жауап берініз. Қазақстан республикасы қай жерде орналасқан? Қазақстанның көлемі қандай? Қазақстанның халқы қанша? Қандай үлкен қалалары бар? Қазақстанның астанасы қай қала? Астана қай жерде орналасқан? Еліміздің ресми тілі қандай? б. Егер сіз берілген сұрақтарға жауап берсеңіз үшінші және төртінші тақырыпшаларға мәлімет ала аласыз. Қазақстан батыстан шығыска және солтүстіктен оңтүстікке қанша километрге созылып жатыр? Қазақстанда өзендер мен көлдер аз.   Олар қай өзендер мен көлдер? Қазақстанның картасын қолданыңдар. 5-ші абзац не туралы? Толық мағлұмат беріңдер? 6-шы абзацты  оқып жазбаша аударыңдар. Мына символдардың ішінен Қазақстанның символын таңдап   алыңдар және ұлттық тудың  нақыштарын түсіндіріңдер. 4. Пысықтау. 123 беттегі 10, 11-жаттығулар. Қазақстан туралы ұнаған мағлұматын беру. VII Үйге тапсырма беру. 123 беттегі 12-жаттығу. Қазақстан туралы шығарма жазу. Ағылшын досыңа хат жазып жатырмын деп есепте. Хатты былай баста. Құрметті (өзіңе ұнайтын ағылшынша есім). Маған өзімнің елім туралы жазуымды сұранған едің. Мен бұл өтінішіңді қуана орындаймын. ... VIII Бағалау. Сабақка талдау жасау. Үлкен мәтін әртүрлі амал-тәсілдер қолданып шеберлікпен түсіндірілді. Оқушылардың

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Pupils' patriotic feeling. Discussing information in a foreign language extended the pupils' knowledge about Kazakhstan and promoted them to love their country.	өздігінен жұмыс істеу қабілетін дамытуға арналған жаттығулар көп қолданылды. Мәтінді терең талқылау оқушыларды елін, Отанын, өзінің туған жерін сүюге тәрбиелеуге септігін тигізді.

 

 

1.6 Efficiency of using presentation techniques in teaching foreign languages

 

The usage of information technologies in different spheres of human activities, including the process of education is becoming more and more actual. In native and foreign publications the informatization of the educational process is considered as one of the most actual factors in teaching either subject.

New information technologies increase the motivation to learning a foreign language and developing knowledge and culture of students, and in particular conditions can be effectively used in the process of teaching. In this article we will research such fact as using the presentation techniques to increase the motivation of students to learn a foreign language and how teacher can use these techniques to develop their communicative skills.

Teachers of English as a foreign language, who want to develop successful lessons faces different problems: lack of material, lack of technologies etc. Another challenge is student who does not have any motivation for lessons. According to Hammer, uncooperative and unmotivated students are a serious problem and can easily disrupt the instructional process [1, 10].

The core of the motivation’s lack is laid in the methods and techniques a teacher choose to perform the material. As Mary Finocchiaro said “Student growth depends to a large extent upon your own professional growth. In a dynamic field such as ours, no teacher can afford to remain at a standstill. We should keep up with new findings, with new materials, and with the report of teaching and learning experiences of our colleagues” [5, 199].

An important part of teaching foreign language is introducing new language features i.e. a new grammar structure or new vocabulary teachers use different methods. The way of introduction of these features is often called “presentation”. There are many different ways of presenting new language and it is important to use a variety of techniques and methods in your teaching to make your teaching process more grabbing, interesting, and effective.

Method is an overall plan for orderly presentation of language material, no part of which contradicts, and all of which is based upon the selected approach.

A technique is implementation – which actually takes place in a classroom. It is particular trick, stratagem, or contrivance used to accomplish an immediate objective. Techniques must be consistent with a method  [6, 40].

Presentation techniques such as sound imitation; drawing; illustration etc. are primary methods of techniques used on lessons. 10 years ago laboratory tape-recorder, phonographs, radio, closed-circuit television were widely popular with teachers. Nowadays computers and their numerous appliances and program enjoy a great value in effectiveness of teaching a foreign language. 

This number of device keeps proving its effectiveness in delivering lessons.  Using techniques, for example pictures, in your presentations instead of words can double the chances of meeting your objectives. But according to Leonard Bloomfield “The various ‘methods and techniques’ which have been elaborated differ greatly in the mere exposition, but far less in actual classroom practice. The result depends very little upon the theoretical basis of presentation, and very much upon the conditions of teaching and on the competence of the teacher … ”. 

The basic requirement to determine the success of the work is the teacher’s ability to show his technical competence in certain phases of linguistics. Even a well-planned and well-structured presentation can almost be ineffective because of bad presentation delivery. The delivery phase can make or ruin a presentation. We represent some key factors in the successful delivery of a presentation:

1. Rehearse. Practice makes for perfect performance. Many experts say that

rehearsal is the biggest single thing that you can do to improve your performance. Perform your presentation out loud at least four times.

2. Timing. Timing is of crucial importance. Do not ramble or talk needlessly.

Some people simply freeze, and some can not sit down when they got on their feet to talk. The amount of time required for a given presentation should be determined in advance. As a general guide, one slide needs 1 - 1.5 minutes. So, if your presentation very much and you may not succeed in conveying your message.

3. Personal Approach. Personal features of the speaker have a major impact on how the presentation is received. There are four aspects, i.e. gesture, voice, eye contact, and breathing.

Gesture can be used to highlight points or to make additional emphasis when needed. However, do not repeat the same gesture for more than twenty times in a single presentation.

Voice is critical. The speaker should use sufficient volume to be heard. Modulation is also important. It is the process of varying the pitch or level of the voice. Speaking in a monotone manner or at the same level might put the audience to sleep. Monotonous high level voice should also be avoided; it may be tiring to listen to.

Eye contact is the process of looking at the eyes of the audience as often as possible. You will gain trust, involvement and interest. It is also important to face the audience, and not look too frequently at the screen. The smaller the size of audience, the more eye contact is needed. 

Breathing is important to continue to talk in a loud voice. Breathing can also be used to generate a pause, and to emphasize an earlier discussed point.

4. Tell stories. The presentation is a type of theatre. To make reading easy and interesting you can illustrate main events on slide as well or prepare video on it. Tell stories and anecdotes to help illustrate points. It all helps to make your presentation more effective and memorable.

5. Use of Visual Aids. Visual aids help to make a presentation more effective, mainly because they crystallize ideas, and they assist in the retention of information. Visual aids also keep the speaker on track and generate interest.

Rules to observe when preparing visual aids:

- Keep it simple: There is an old adage that said – “No one ever complained of a presentation being too short.” Nothing kills a presentation more than going on too long. Remember to keep visual aids simple, so that the audience can easily understand the concepts. A complicated or vague visual aid is counter-productive.

- Minimize words: Keep the amount of text minimal, to avoid the audience spending time with reading the visual aid and not listening to you.

- Use large fonts: Make text and numbers large, so that the audience can read it easily.

- List key points: Make sure that the key points are shown clearly. This will help the audience to retain the information.

- Use exact phrasing: Since the ideas are summarized into key points, there is no margin for vague or imprecise

wording.

- Use color: The use of color can highlight key points.

- Prepare Handout: If you prepare handouts, along with visual aids, your audience can make notes on the handout. 

         Preparing the presentation one is supposed to take into account the important elements: context, clarification of meaning, controlled practice, and picture presentation, whichever technique or method is followed. For preparing visual aids there are a great number of modern computer programs of Microsoft Office Program, as Power Point, Office Publisher, and Movie Maker with ready-made patterns.

We represent some steps which are more, or less important, to tail the presentation.

Step1: Situation analysis. It is essential to make the message to match the audience's expectations. First, be very clear about the type of presentation and its objective, i.e. whether it is persuasive or instructional. Second, assess the audience and the situation carefully. How big will it be, who will be present, what possible resistance is there, what is the level of knowledge, and, most important, how much time is available.

Step 2: Theme/title.  The theme/title should be brief, direct, and meaningful. Do not develop a long winded theme, and assume that it will become obvious during the presentation. It may lead to distraction of the audience.