Контрольная работа по "Лексикологии"

МИНИСТЕРСТВО  ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

НАБЕРЕЖНОЧЕЛНИНСКИЙ ФИЛИАЛ

федерального  государственного бюджетного образовательного

учреждения высшего профессионального образования

«НИЖЕГОРОДСКИЙ  ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ 

ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ 

им. Н.А. Добролюбова»

 

Кафедра иностранных языков

 

 

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА

 

по дисциплине «Лексикология»

 

 

Выполнила:

Проверила:

 

 

Набережные Челны

2013

 

 

ВАРИАНТ 2

I. ЭТИМОЛОГИЯ

1. Установите к какой группе (исконно английской или заимствованной) относятся следующие слова (определите этимологию заимствованных слов):

Исконно английские    Заимствованные

Bird - Old English brid "chick, fledgling", of unknown origin To see - Old English sēon, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch zien and German sehen, perhaps from an Indo-European root shared by Latin sequi 'follow' To go - Old English gān, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch gaan and German gehen ; the form went was originally the past tense of wend To let - Old English lǣtan "leave behind, leave out", of Germanic origin; related to Dutch laten and German lassen, also to late Arm - Old English arm, earm, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch arm and German Arm Day - Old English dæg, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch dag and German Tag To make - Old English macian, of West Germanic origin, from a base meaning 'fitting'; related to match I Thing - Old English, of Germanic origin; related to German Ding. Early senses included "meeting" and "matter, concern" as well as "inanimate object" Cradle - Old English cradol, of uncertain origin; perhaps related to German Kratte 'basket' Till - Old English til, of Germanic origin; related to Old Norse til 'to', also ultimately to till III Take - late Old English tacan "get (especially by force), capture", from Old Norse taka 'grasp, lay hold of', of unknown ultimate origin Daughter - Old English dohtor, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch dochter and German Tochter, from an Indo-European root shared by Greek thugatēr Nose - Old English nosu, of West Germanic origin; related to Dutch neus, and more remotely to German Nase, Latin nasus, and Sanskrit nāsā; also to ness Bed - Old English bed, bedd (noun), beddian (verb), of Germanic origin; Good - Old English gōd, of Germanic origin; Wife - Old English wīf "woman", of Germanic origin Old - Old English ald, of West Germanic origin; related to Dutch oud and German alt, from an Indo-European root meaning "adult", shared by Latin alere 'nourish'

Potato- mid 16th cent.: from Spanish patata, variant of Taino batata 'sweet potato'. The English word originally denoted the sweet potato and gained its current sense in the late 16th cent Rucksack - mid 19th cent.: from German, from rucken (dialect variant of Rücken 'back') + Sack 'bag, sack Cash - late 16th cent. (denoting a box for money): from Old French casse or Italian cassa 'box', from Latin capsa (see case II) Mill - late 18th cent.: from Latin millesimum 'thousandth part'; compare with cent Crime - from Latin crimen 'judgement, offence', based on cernere 'to judge' Dinner - from Old French disner (infinitive used as a noun: see dine) Altar - based on late Latin altar, altarium, from Latin altus 'high' Joy - from Old French joie, based on Latin gaudium, from gaudere 'rejoice' Sky - from Old Norse ský 'cloud'. The verb dates from the early 19th cent Kaftan - late 16th cent.: from Turkish, from Persian ḵaftān, partly influenced by French cafetan Siesta - mid 17th cent.: Spanish, from Latin sexta (hora) 'sixth hour' Graffiti - mid 19th cent.: from Italian (plural), from graffio 'a scratch' Easel - late 16th cent.: from Dutch ezel 'ass

 

Potato rucksack cash bird to see to go to let arm old day to make thing cradle mill till take crime dinner altar joy daughter nose sky kaftan siesta graffiti easel bed good wife

2. Определите, к какой группе (общеиндоевропейской  или общегерманской) относится исконно  английская лексика. Докажите это подбором соответствий в родственных языках.

Общегерманские

Bird - From Middle English, from Old English bird, brid, bridd (“young bird, chick”), of uncertain origin and relation. 

From Middle English, from Old English þing (thing), from Proto-Germanic *þingan; compare German Ding, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian ting. The word originally meant "assembly", then came to mean a specific issue discussed at such an assembly, and ultimately came to mean most broadly "an object". Compare the Latin rēs, also meaning legal matter. Modern use to refer to a Germanic assembly is likely influenced by cognates (from the same Proto-Germanic root) like Old Norse þing (thing), Swedish ting, and Old High German ding with this meaning.

Cradle - From Old English cradol.

Till - From Old English (Northumbrian) til, from Old Norse til.^[1]

From Middle English bed, from Old English bedd (“bed, couch, resting-place; garden-bed, plot”), from Proto-Germanic *badjan (“bed”). Cognate with Scots bed, bede (“bed”), North Frisian baad, beed (“bed”), West Frisian bêd (“bed”), Dutch bed (“bed”), German Bett (“bed”),Swedish bädd (“bed”), Icelandic beður (“bed”).

From Middle English wif, wiif, wyf, from Old English wīf (“woman, female, lady, wife”), from Proto-Germanic *wīban (“woman, wife”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʰʷí₂bʰ- (“shame, pudenda”) (compare Tocharian A/B kip/kwīpe (“shame, genitals, female pudenda”)).^[1][2] Cognate with Scots wife (“wife”), West Frisian wiif (“wife, woman”), North Frisian wüf (“wife, woman”), Dutchwijf (“woman, female”), Low German Wief (“woman, female”), German Weib (“woman, wife, female”), Danish viv (“woman”), Swedishviv (“woman”), Faroese vív (“wife, woman”), Icelandic víf (“woman”).

To go - From Middle English gon, goo, from Old English gān (“to go”), from Proto-Germanic*gānan (“to go”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰēh₁- (“to leave”). Cognate with Scots ga (“to go”), West Frisian gean (“to go”), Dutch gaan (“to go”), German gehen (“to go”), Swedish gå (“to go”), Danish gå (“to go”).

Take - From Middle English taken (“to take, lay hold of, grasp, strike”), from Old English tacan (“to grasp, touch”), probably of North Germanicorigin, from Old Norse taka (“to touch, take”), from Proto-Germanic *tēkanan (“to touch”), from Proto-Indo-European *deh₁g-, *dh₁g- (“to touch”). Gradually displaced Middle English nimen (“to take”), from Old English niman (“to take”). Cognate with Icelandic taka (“to take”), Danish tage (“to take, seize”), Middle Dutch taken (“to grasp”), Middle Low German tacken (“to grasp”).

Old - From Old English ald, eald, from Proto-Germanic *aldaz (“grown-up”), originally a participle form from Proto-Indo-European *altós, corresponding to Latin altus. Cognate with Dutch oud, Low German old, German alt, West Frisian âld, Scots auld.

Общеиндоевропейские   

To see - From Middle English seen, from Old English sēon (“to see, look, behold, perceive, observe, discern, understand, know”), from Proto-Germanic *sehwanan (“to see”), from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to see, notice”). Cognate with West Frisian sjen (“to see”), Dutchzien (“to see”), German sehen (“to see”), Swedish se (“to see”), Latin sīgnum (“sign, token”), Albanian shih (“look at, see”) imp. ofshoh (“to see”).

To let - From Middle English leten, læten, from Old English lǣtan (“to allow, let go, bequeath, leave, rent”), from Proto-Germanic *lētanan (“to leave behind, allow”), from Proto-Indo-European *lēd- (“to let, leave behind”). Cognate with Scots lat, lete (“to let, leave”), North Frisianlete (“to let”), West Frisian litte (“to let”), Dutch laten (“to let, leave”), German lassen (“to let, leave, allow”), Swedish låta (“to let, allow, leave”), Icelandic láta (“to let”), Albanian lë (“to allow, let, leave”).

Arm - From Middle English, from Old English earm, from Proto-Germanic *armaz (“arm”), fromProto-Indo-European *arəm- (“arm”), a suffixed form of *ar- (“to fit together”). Cognate withLatin armus (“the uppermost part of the arm, shoulder”), Greek.1 ἁρμός (harmos, “joint, shoulder”), Greek.2 ἅρμα (harma, “wagon, chariot”), Avestan **** (arma) and Old Persian arma.

Day - From Middle English day, from Old English dæġ (“day”), from Proto-Germanic *dagaz (“day”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”). Cognate with West Frisian dei (“day”), Dutch dag (“day”), German Tag (“day”), Swedish and Danish dag (“day”), Icelandicdagur (“day”). Compare Albanian djeg (“to burn”), Lithuanian degti (“to burn”), Tocharian A tsäk-, Russian жечь (žeč’), Sanskrit (dāhas, “heat”), दहति (dahati, “to burn”).

To make - From Middle English maken, from Old English macian (“to make, build, work”), from Proto-Germanic *makōnan (“to make, build, work”), from Proto-Indo-European *mag- (“to knead, mix, make”). Cognate with Scots mak (“to make”), Saterland Frisian moakje (“to make”),West Frisian maaikjen (“to make”) and oanmeitsje (“to act, make”), Dutch maken (“to make”), Dutch Low Saxon maken (“to make”) andGerman Low German maken (“to make”) and German machen (“to make, do”). Related to match.

Nose - Middle English, from Old English nosu, from Proto-Germanic *nusō (compare West Frisian noas, Dutch neus, Norwegian nos ‘snout’), variant of *nasō (cf. Low German Nees, German Nase, Norwegian nese ‘nose’), old dual from Proto-Indo-European *neh₂s- ~ *nh₂es-‘nose, nostril’ (compare Latin nāris ‘nostril’, nāsus ‘nose’, Lithuanian nósis, Sanskrit nā́sā‘nostrils’).

Good - From Middle English good, from Old English gōd (“good, virtuous, desirable, favorable, salutary, pleasant, valid, efficient, suitable, considerable, sufficiently great”), from Proto-Germanic *gōdaz (“good”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ- (“to unite, be associated, suit”). Cognate with Scots guid (“good”), West Frisian goed (“good”), Dutch goed (“good”), Low German god (“good”), Germangut (“good”), Danish and Swedish god (“good”), Icelandic góður (“good”), Lithuanian guõdas (“honor”), Albanian dial. hut (“good, fit, appropriate”), Old Church Slavonic годъ (godŭ, “pleasing time”) and годенъ (godenŭ, “fitting, suitable”), Sanskritगद्य (gádhya, “fitting, suitable”). Related to gather.

 

 

3. Укажите язык-источник  и язык-посредник:

Язык-источник  Язык-посредник

Finish    latin    french

Serious   late latin   french

Central    latin    french

Tone    Greek    Latin

Tunnel    Latin    French

Sonata    Latin    Italian

4. Определите этимологию заимствованных  слов и классифицируйте лексику  по степени ассимиляции:

Completely assimilated:

Want - Middle English: the noun from Old Norse vant, neuter of vanr 'lacking'; the verb from Old Norse vanta "be lacking". from Proto-Indo-European *(e)wAn-, *wān- (“empty”). Cognate with Middle High German wan (“not full, empty”),Middle Dutch wan (“empty, poor”), Old English wana (“want, lack, absence, deficiency”), Latin vanus (“empty”).

Both - Middle English: from Old Norse báthir

Scout - late Middle English (as a verb): from Old French escouter 'listen', earlier ascolter, from Latin auscultare.

Syllable - late Middle English: from an Anglo-Norman French alteration of Old French sillabe, via Latin from Greek sullabē, from sun- 'together' + lambanein 'take'

Prince - Middle English: via Old French from Latin princeps, princip- 'first, chief, sovereign', from primus 'first' + capere 'take' -

Partially assimilated:

Minaret - late 17th cent.: from French, or from Spanish minarete, Italian minaretto, via Turkish from Arabic manār(a) 'lighthouse, minaret', based on nār 'fire or light' – not assimilated semantically

Champagne – area of northeastern France. From Franvh vin de Champagne, from Champagne, former province in northwest France, lit. “open country” - not assimilated graphically, phonetically

Cuisine - late 18th cent.: French, literally 'kitchen', from Latin coquina, from coquere 'to cook' - not assimilated phonetically

Hyphen –нач. 17в. < Late Latin  < Greek hyphén  (adv.) together, derivativeof hyph' hén  (prepositional phrase), equivalent to hyp ( ó ) under (seehypo-) + hén,  neuter of heîs  one Thesis - late Middle English (in sense 3): via late Latin from Greek, literally 'placing, a proposition', from the root of tithenai 'to place' - not assimilated graphically

Genre - early 19th cent.: French, literally 'a kind' (see gender) - not assimilated phonetically

Debut - mid 18th cent.: from French début, from débuter 'lead off' - not assimilated phonetically

Anarchy - mid 16th cent.: via medieval Latin from Greek anarkhia, from anarkhos, from an- 'without' + arkhos 'chief, ruler' - not assimilated graphically

Tsar - 1660s, the more correct Latinization of Russian czar, from prehistoric Slavic *tsesar, from a Germanic source, ultimately from Latin Caesar. - not assimilated semantically

Façade - mid 17th cent.: from French façade, from face 'face', on the pattern of Italian facciata - not assimilated graphically

Memorandum - late Middle English: from Latin, literally 'something to be brought to mind', gerundive of memorare. The original use was as an adjective, placed at the head of a note of a record made for future reference - not assimilated grammatically

Conservatoire - late 18th cent.: French, from Italian conservatorio, from late Latin conservatorium, from conservare 'to preserve' (see conserve ).  - not assimilated phonetically

Genre - early 19th cent.: French, literally 'a kind' (see gender) - not assimilated phonetically

Unassimilated borrowings or barbarism:

Vis-à-vis - mid 18th cent.: French, literally 'face to face', from Old French vis 'face'

Cul-de-suc- mid 18th cent. (originally in anatomy): French, literally 'bottom of a sack'

Post mortem - mid 18th cent.: from Latin, literally 'after death'

 

5. Подберите этимологические дублеты  к следующим словам, определите  происхождение и семантические  различия:

Corpse:

corps "корпус" - From French corps (“body”), from Latin corpus (“body”). - An organized group of people united by a common purpose.

corpse "труп" - From Latin corpus (“body”) – dead body

Shirt:

Shirt -  From Old English scyrte, from Germanic *skurtijōn. Cognate with Dutch schort, GermanSchürze (“apron”) – the piece of clothing for the upper part of body

Skirt -  From Old Norse skyrta, from Proto-Germanic *skurtijōn.  – a piece of clothing for girls and women that fits around the waist and hangs down like a dress

Travel:

Travel - Middle English travelen (“to make a laborious journey, travel”) from Middle Scots travailen "to toil, work, travel", alteration of Middle English travaillen (“to toil, work”), from Old French travailler "to trouble, suffer, be worn out". – to go to one place from another

Travail - From Old French travail (“suffering, torment”) -  Arduous or painful exertion; excessive labor, suffering, hardship. 

Cart:

Cart - c.1200, from Old Norse kartr, akin to and replacing Old English cræt "cart, wagon, chariot," perhaps originally "body of a cart made of wickerwork, hamper;" related to Middle Dutch cratte "woven mat, hamper," Dutch krat "basket," - A small, open, wheeled vehicle, drawn or pushed by a person or animal, more often used for transporting goods than passengers.

Chart - From Middle French charte (“card, map”), from Late Latin charta (“paper, card, map”),Latin ("papyrus, writing"), from Ancient Greek χάρτης (khartes, “papyrus, thin sheet”) – a drawing, set of numbers, graph etc that shows information

Verb:

Verb – 1350-1400 Middle English verbe  < Latin verbum word – a word used to say what someone does or what happens

6. Определите этимологическую структуру  следующих слов-гибридов:

Fire-place:

Fire – (n) Old English fȳr (noun), fȳrian "supply with material for a fire", of West Germanic origin; related to Dutch vuur and German Feuer

Place – (n) Middle English: from Old French, from an alteration of Latin platea 'open space', from Greek plateia (hodos) 'broad (way) '

Short-legged:

Short – (adj) Old English sceort, of Germanic origin; related to shirt and skirt

Leg – (n) Middle English (superseding shank ): from Old Norse leggr (compare with Danish læg 'calf (of the leg) '), of Germanic origin

-ed – (suf.) From Old English -ode, -odon (“class 2 weak past”), from Proto-Germanic *-ōd-, *-ōdēd-.

Unreadable:

Un- -  (pref.) From Middle English un-, from Old English un- (“un-”), from Proto-Germanic *un- (“un-”), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥- (“un-, not”). 

Read – (v) Old English rǣdan, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch raden and German raten 'advise, guess'. Early senses included "advise" and "interpret (a riddle or dream")

-able – (suf.) late Middle English (also in the sense "easy to use, suitable"): from Old French hable, from Latin habilis 'handy', from habere 'to hold'

Successful:

Success – (n) From Latin successus, from succedere (“to succeed”).

-ful – (suf.) Old English meaning "full of".

Undertake:

Under-(pref.) From Proto-Germanic *under, from Proto-Indo-European *nter- (“between, among”), akin to Old English under "between, among, in the presence of", Old High German untar "between, among", Latin inter "between, among". 

Take – (v) From Middle English taken (“to take, lay hold of, grasp, strike”), from Old English tacan (“to grasp, touch”), probably of North Germanicorigin, from Old Norse taka (“to touch, take”), from Proto-Germanic *tēkanan (“to touch”), from Proto-Indo-European *deh₁g-, *dh₁g- (“to touch”). 

7. Определите этимологию следующих  интернациональных слов:

Ambition - 1300–50; Middle English ambicio ( u ) n  (< Middle French ) < Latinambitiōn-  (stem of ambitiō ), equivalent to amb- ambi- + -i-  go + -t- past participle suffix + -iōn- -ion

Cursor - 1250–1300; Middle English:  courier (def 2 from late 16th century)  <Latin:  a runner, racer, courier, equivalent to cur ( rere ) to run + -sor, for -tor -tor; cf. course

Perfume - 1525–35;  earlier parfume  (noun) < Middle French parfum,  nounderivative of parfumer  (v.) < obsolete Italian parfumare  (modernprofumare ).

Magic - 1350–1400; Middle English magik ( e ) witchcraft < Late Latin magica,Latin magicē  < Greek magikḗ,  noun use of feminine of magikós.  

Ocean - 1250–1300; Middle English ocean ( e ) (< Old French ) < Latin ōceanus, special use of Ōceanus Oceanus < Greek ōkeanós, Ōkeanós

Sympathy - 1560–70;  < Latin sympathīa  < Greek sympátheia,  equivalent tosympathe-,  stem of sympathḗs  sympathetic ( sym- sym- + páth ( os )suffering, sensation + -ēs  adj. suffix) + -ia -y³

Major - 1350–1400;  < Latin,  comparative of magnus  large (cf. majesty);replacing Middle English majour  < Anglo-French  < Latin,  as above

Tobacco – 1525–35;  < Spanish tabaco,  perhaps < Arawak:  a pipe for smokingthe plant, or roll of leaves smoked, or the plant

Veranda - 1705–15;  < Hindi baraṇḍā, barāmdā  < Persian bar āmadaḥ  coming out(unless the Hindi word is < Portuguese varanda, Spanish baranda  railing,balustrade; cf. bar

Mask - 1525–35;  < Middle French masque,  perhaps directly < Italian maschera mask, disguise < pre-Latin *maskara,  an extended form of *mask-, probably with orig. sense “black” (blackening the face being a simpleform of disguise); another development of the same base is earlyMedieval Latin masca  witch, ghost (also, mask);