Метонимия и синекдоха в английской литературе

1.  
   At last he has seen, sighted like the first sail of the Armada: (Snow, CP).

2.  
   We thought of the fine little faces around the table for which we provide food by writing our interviews: (Leacock. PLG).

3.  
   In the morning old Hitler-face questioned me again (Sillitoe).

 
The semidetached rent – collecting pavement. (Sellitoe). 
 
Metonymy, especially synecdoche, has given rise to numerous phraseological units.  
 
e.g. under one’s roof 
 
not to lift a foot 
 
to one’s finger – ends… 
 
Alongside with metaphors, metonymy is used with a view to add figurativeness to description. At the same time metonymy enables the speaker or the writer to express his subjective speaker attitude towards the object under discussion.  

The stylistic effect of metonymy

 
A different type of interaction between logical and contextual logical meaning is called metonymy. It’s based on definite relations between the object implied and the object named. 
 
For example, many ears and eyes very busy with a vision of the matter of these placards. (Dickens) 
 
Besides their logical meanings the word “ear” and “eyes” have acquired contextual logical meanings that of people (or listeners and readers). 
 
The interaction between the logical and the contextual meanings of these words is based on close relations objectively exiting between the part and the body itself. 
 
In metonymy relations between the object named and the object implied are various and numerous. The object named and the object implied is various and numerous. The list given below includes the most frequent types of relations. 

1.  
   The relation that exist between an instrument and the action it performs (or between an organ of the body and its function).

 
Eg: As the sword is worst argument that can be used so should it le the last (Byron). 
 
The “sword” has acquired a contextual logical meanings in the above sentence that of military action, repression.  

2.  
   The relation between an article of clothing and the person wearing it.

 
Eg: Then a pause, as the bonnet and dress neared the top of the square 
 
(Bennett). 
 
In this example the article of clothing are used to denote the woman 
 
herself. 

3.  
   The relation that exist between symbol and the phenomenon it

 
symbolized.  
 
Eg. “this” – he said – “was characteristic of England most selfish country in the world, the country which sucked the blood of other countries destroyed the brains and hearts of freshmen, Hendus, Egyptains, Boers and Burmese” (Galthworthy). 
 
The word blood, brains and hearts are used in the above extract to symbolize the freedom and distinguish of other people their political economic and intellectual life. 
 
A part in this group of metonymics some other types of metonomics should be mentioned – that is metonomies based on very close, common relations between objets. They are: a) a relation between the crazy about Goye (Galsworthy). 
 
a) a relation between the material and the thing made of it as for example: “to be dressed in silk or in sylon”  
 
b) a relation between the singular and the plural. This type of metonymy is called synecdoche.  
 
e.g. It was … in the Pacific, where weeks, eye, month often poss without the marginless blue level being ruffled, by any wondering keel (Fr Bullen). 
 
Metonymies of these type are always trite irrespective of the fact whether they have long been in common use of have recently been created.  
 
There are other metonymies in the English language which have been long and widely used, become hackneyed and the lost their vividness. 
 
e.g. from the cradle (from the baby hood) 
 
to succeed to the crown (to become king) 
 
under one’s roof – in one’s house. etc.  
 
 
CONCLUSION 
 
Metonymy is a shift or some way or other connected in reality. The transfer may be conditioned by spatial, temporal, causal, symbolic, instrumental, functional and other relations. 
 
Thus, the word “book” is derived from the name of a tree on which inscriptions were scratched: ModE book < DE boc “buch”. ModE win < OE winnan “to fight”, the word has been shifted so as to apply to the success following fighting. Cash is an adaptation of the French word caisse “box”, from naming the container it came to mean what was contained, ie money; the original meaning was last in competition with the new word safe. Spatial relations are also present when the name of the place is used for the people occupying it. 
 
The chair may mean “the chairman” 
 
The bor – the lawyers, the pulpit – the priest 
 
The word town may denote the inhabitants of a town house the members of the House of Commons of Lords. 
 
Cello, violin, saxophone are often used to denote not the instruments but the musicians who play them. 
 
Common names may be derived from proper names also metonymically, as in macadam and diesel, so named after their inventors.  
 
Many physical and technical units are named after great scientists: volt, ohm, ampere, watt. 
 
There are also many instances in political vocabulary when the place of some establishment itself or its staff but also for its policy. 
 
The White House, the Pentagon, Well, Street, Downing Street, Fleet Street. 
 
Examples of geographic names turning into common nouns to name the goods exploited or originating there are exceedingly numerous, e.g. astrakhan, bikini, boston, cardigan, china, tweed. Garments came to be known by the names of those who brought them into fashion: mackintosh, raglan, wellingtons. 
 
We have discussed some problems as well as possible in the main part of the work and sum up that: 
 
Metonymy is the change of words which are associated with the first meaning but it is not likening.  
 
Example: 
 
He made his way through the perfume and conversation.  
 
Here firstly we spoke about the definition of metonymy.  
 
Another subtype deals with the semantic types of metonymy. Metonymy in Modern English is subdivided into such subtypes as: 

1.  
   Concrete thing is used instead of an obstruct notion.

 
In this case the thing becomes a symbol of notion. 
 
He supported his family by his pen.  

2.  
   The container instead of the thing contain.

 
The whole aploaded, the kettle boil. 

3.  
   The relation of name Moximaty.

 
The round table was happy.  
 
The following cases of metonymy are also worthy of notice: 

4.  
   The concrete substituted for the abstract, i.e. a common noun a person is used in an abstract sense, e.g.:

 
There is mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a Frenchman (Voltaire). 
 
I do most that friendship can,  
 
I hate the Viceroy, love the man (J. Swift). 

5.  
   The abstract substituted for the concrete. Here an abstract noun is used as a concrete noun. e.g.:

 
The authorities were greeted. 

6.  
   The material substituted for the thing made, i.e. a material noun is used as a common noun, e.g.:

 
The marble speaks, that is the statue made of marble.  
 
Silver – coin made of silver; silver money; money (in general). 
 
Iron – instrument, utensil, appliance made of iron. 
 
Glass – articles made of glass. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
1. Арнольд И.В «Стилистика современного английского языка» Москва 1973. 
 
2. Бобохонова Л.Т “Инглиз тили стилистикаси” Тошкент 1995. 
 
3. Гальперин Р.И “Очерки по стилистике английского языка” Москва 1986. 
 
4. Мороховский А.Н «Стилистика английского языка» Киев 1984. 
 
5. Adison J.P “Metaphor and metonymy” Cambridge University 1992. 
 
6. Arnold T.S. “Modern English and metonymy” Montana University 1998. 
 
7. Cooper F. I “Metaphor and metonymy in arts” Oxford University Press 1995. 
 
8. Galperin I.R “Stylistics” Moscow 1973. 
 
9. KukharenkoV.A “Seminars in style” Moscow 1971. 
 
10. Matthews P.T “Stylistics” Virginia university Press 1986. 
 
11. Morris Ph.T “Linguistics and stylistic devices” Literature and press center 2000. 
 
12. Pith G.R “Metaphor, metonymy in our life” Literature and science press 1999.  
 
13. Potebnya A.A “Linguistics and stylistics” Moscow 1980. 
 
14. Swift J.W “How to learn stylistic devices” Chicago state Press 1997. 
 
15. Zirmunsky V.M “Stylistics” Moscow 1976. 
 
16. www.metonymy.google.com  
 
17. www.referataz.com  
 
18. www.wikepedia.com 

 
1 Galperin R “Stylistics“. Moscow. 1971.

 
1 Арнольд И.В «Стилистика современного  английского языка» Москва 1973. стр.90

 
1 Arnold T.S. “Modern English and metonymy” Montana University 1998. p.190

 
1 Adison J.P “Metaphor and metonymy” Cambridge University 1992. p.98

 
1 Cooper F. I. “Metaphor and metonymy in arts” Oxford University Press, 1995. p.107 

 
1 I. R. Galperin. ‘Stylistics’. M., 1976. p.177