Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 25 Октября 2013 в 13:41, курсовая работа
Translation is the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language and the production, in another language, of an equivalent text that communicates the same message. Translation must take into account a number of constraints, including context, the rules of grammar of the two languages, their writing conventions, their idioms and the like. Consequently, as has been recognized at least since the time of the translator Martin Luther, one translates best into the language that one knows best. Traditionally translation has been a human activity, though attempts have been made to computerize or otherwise automate the translation of natural-language texts (machine translation) or to use computers as an aid to translation (computer-assisted translation). Perhaps the most common misconception about translation is that there exists a simple “word-for-word” relation between any two languages, and that translation is therefore a straightforward and mechanical process.
1. The theoretical issues of Translation.
Lexical and grammatical transformations………………………………… …….
2. Official Letter writing Rules …………………………………………………..
3. Lexica-grammatical changes in an official letter translation…………………...
4. Some Abbreviations using on official letter……………………………………
НАИБОЛЕЕ УПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬНЫЕ
ЗАКЛЮЧИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ФОРМУЛЫ ВЕЖЛИВОСТИ
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СХЕМА ОФОРМЛЕНИЕ КОНВЕРТА
- 1
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СХЕМА ОФОРМЛЕНИЕ КОНВЕРТА
– 2
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ОБРАЗЕЦ ОФОРМЛЕНИЯ КОНВЕРТА
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НАЗВАНИЯ ШТАТОВ США
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ВРЕМЯ
A.D. Anno Domini — нашей эры
В. С. before Christ — до нашей
эры
GMT Greenwich mean time — время по
гринвичскому меридиану
CST Central standard time — центральное
поясное время (США)
^ EST Eastern standard time — восточное поясное время
(США)
MST Mountain standard time — горное
поясное время (США)
PST Pacific standard time — тихоокеанское
поясное время (США)
a. m. ante meridiem — до полудня
p. m. post meridiem — после полудня
ЗНАКИ
@ at the rate of — по цене
/ and, or — и, или
$ dollars — доллары
£ pounds — фунты стерлингов
% percent — процент
# number — номер
& and — и
© copyright — авторское право
Информация о работе The grammatical and lexical changes in an official letter translation