Италия

                                                   

 

 

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                                                     Introduction

Italy, one of the most romantic and most visited countries in the world. Every corner of this country unique. Italy is a Muse for artists and poets, its air is saturated atmosphere of creativity and freedom. Italy is a country Museum, carefully keeping the traces of the mighty Roman Empire and many cultural traditions. In this country, it seems that the time inexplicably stopped. This allows you to forget about the existence of modern civilization.

 

Contemplating ruined, stained with blood of thousands of gladiators, but still majestic Colosseum, looking at the magnificent buildings of the Vatican, while traveling on the canals of Venice or looking at any other attractions in Italy, you don't feel the need to return to the mortal world with his faceless buildings and the frantic pace of life.                               

In addition to countless cultural monuments and remnants of the once mighty Roman civilization, the country has excellent natural conditions is a beautiful and varied landscapes, snow-white slopes of the Alpine mountains, beautiful beaches, charming lakes of the North.  

Symbols of the state

Flag[edit

First Italian tricolor was born on 7 January 1797 in Emilia as the flag of the Republic, proclaimed Giuseppe Compagnoni. During the reign of Napoleon's flag was also used as a symbol of the French revolution.

After the Congress of Vienna and Restoration tricolor remained a symbol of freedom and was used in the revolutionary movements of 1831 and 1848.

The 12th article of the Constitution of Italy States that "the flag of Italy is a tricolor of green, white and red in the form of three equal vertical stripes.

National anthem

Italian anthem, also known as the "Brothers of Italy" and "the song of the Italians"

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is the unofficial anthem of the Italian

Republic on 12 October 1946. November 17, 2005 the Senate in the first reading adopted the law on official anthem, but then the law is not passed and the anthem remained at the informal level. The anthem was written in the autumn of 1847 Goffredo Mameli, and the music, a little later, composer Michele Novaro. In 80-ies of XX century there was widespread excerpt from the Opera of Giuseppe Verdi's "Nabucco", which was sung as a hymn.

The coat of arms[edit wiki text]

The official emblem of the Italian Republic was promulgated by the President of Italy Enrico de Nicola on may 5, 1948. Sketch of the logo was done by the artist Paolo Paschetto, who won this right in competitions 1946 and 1947 among 500 other candidates and almost 800 sketches.

The logo includes a white five-pointed star with red edges superimposed on the cog wheel with five spokes, standing between an olive branch to the left and oak                                                                       

on the right. Green branches tied together with a red ribbon with the words "Italian Republic" (ital. REPUBBLICA ITALIANA) in capital white letters.

Administrative division

Italy - decentralized unitary state. The state capital is Rome. The country is divided into 20 regions Valle d'aosta, Lombardy, Trentino Alto Adige, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Piedmont, Liguria, Veneto, Tuscany, Umbria, Emilia-Romagna, Marche, Abruzzo, Lazio, Molise, Basilicata, Campania, Calabria, Apulia, Sardinia and Sicily, (of which 5 - Sicily, Sardinia, Trentino-Alto Adige, Valle d'aosta and Friuli-Venezia Giulia - have a special status), including as an administrative-territorial unit 110 provinces. The province in turn are divided into communes, in total communes 8101. In the Autonomous regions have their own representative bodies - the regional councils and Executive bodies - County, regions and the Autonomous provinces can adopt regional and provincial laws on matters that are prescribed in the Constitution.

Political structure

 

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The head of state is the President of Italy.

Executive power and the Government is headed by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Italy. In the structure of the government at the present time (February 2013) includes the following ministries:

The Ministry of foreign Affairs

The Ministry of internal Affairs

The Ministry of justice

The Ministry of defence

The Ministry of economy and Finance

The Ministry of economic development

The Ministry of infrastructure and transport

The Ministry of agricultural, food and forest policies

The Ministry of education                                                               

The Ministry of labour and social policy

The Ministry for cultural heritage and activities

The Ministry of environment and protection of land and sea, Italy

The Ministry of health.

The legislature is Bicameral Parliament of Italy, elected for 5 years.

The chamber of deputies of Italy - 630 members.

The Italian Senate - 315 members.

Leading political parties - Left Democrats, Democratic Union, the Italian people's party, United Christian Democrats, "People of freedom", the Northern League. The United party in the coalition - right People of freedom, the CDA, the Northern League), and left (DPLs, JV, people's party, environmentalists).

Political parties

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Main article: Political parties in Italy

Left

The Communist party of revival

The party of Italian Communists

Left Ecology Freedom - levocetirizine, the eurocommunist and ecological party

Other Europe - environmental coalition, the Communist and socialist parties

The centre-left

The Democratic Party — brings together Socialists, Liberals, Christian Democrats and the left-wing postkommunistov

The Italian Socialist Party (2007)-social democratic

Movement 5 stars is based on the principles of populism, evroskepticizma, e-democracy

Italian Republican party                                                                    

Centrists

Public choice — the Liberal Party

With Monty for Italy — combines liberal centrist parties, the Christian Democrats and conservatives

The Center-Right

The people of freedom — brings together the right-wing conservatives, disbanded in the year 2013

The new Centre is a centre-right party, which supports the current Government

Union Center

Right-Wing]

The Northern League, nationalist party of Northern Italy

Next, Italy is a right-wing party

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International membership

UN (1955)

NATO (1949)

COE (1949)

EU (1957)

The Group of ten (1964)

Trade unions and other public organizations

 

General Confederation of labor [it] (WCL) was founded in 1906, in 1944, reorganised in the universal Italian Confederation of labour (CGIL). The number of 3.5 million members. Part of the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC). In                                                               

1948 created the Italian Confederation of workers ' trade unions (CISL). Italian Labour Union was formed in 1950 g.

In 1972, the General Italian Confederation of labour, the Italian Confederation of workers ' trade unions and the Italian Labor Union banded together in a Federation.

National League of cooperatives founded in the year 1886. Combines 7920 cooperatives. In the International Cooperative Alliance.

Christian Association of Italian workers is a Catholic organization poluprofsoûznogo type, created by the Vatican in 1945 year. The number of 500 thousand. members.

History

Ancient Rome

To beg. (I) th. BC South and Central Italy was settled by the ancient italic peoples, one of whom were Latino. Latina formed the Latin Union, which included 30 civitatov, management bodies of each of the people's Assembly (the Roman assemblies or konsilii), the Council of elders (Curia, or Senate) and chiefs (Rex).

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Latin legends originally was civitatom strongest Lavrent, then intensified Lavinia, then Alba Longa, in the 6th century the strongest civitatom Union was Rome. After samnitskih wars to 290 year Rome has put on all other italic peoples. Part of the land nerimskogo the provinces passed to the Romans, were Roman settlements, colony — thus was romanization of Italy. When the Roman Emperor Diocletian in Italy was divided into provinces headed by prezidy and consulari. After the fall of the Roman Empire in 476, the King of Italy was proclaimed Commander Odoacer, rug by origin, but in the year 493 his possessions were seized by the Ostrogoths, and he himself was killed.

The middle ages

In 555, Italy had otvoëvana Byzantium. The whole territory of Italy was divided into Duchies, led by Dukes, were formally "Exarch of Ravenna. In 572, part of the duchies of Italy was conquered by the Lombards. For Byzantium remained the Roman Duchy, the Duchy of Naples, Duchy of Amalfi, Duchy of Calabria, Duchy of                                                                       

Pentapol′, Ravenskogo of the exarchate and of the Republic of Venice, as well as Fema Sicily (conquered by the Arabs in the year 956) and the Sardinian ûdikaty. However, langobardskie and Byzantine Dukes of become more practically independent rulers.

In 752, in the Roman Duchy, Ravenskom Pentapole was installed and Expect the secular power of the popes, that marked the beginning of the Papal States. In 774, Italy was conquered by the Frankish Kingdom, but in the South there are several Lombard Duchy (Duchy of Spoleto and the Duchy of Benevento and later of them stood out the Principality of Salerno and Principality of Capua). In the 800, the Frankish king Charlemagne had himself proclaimed the new Roman Emperor. After the death of his great-grandsons, Charles III in Italy started discord.

In 951, King of Italy was proclaimed the German King Otto I, King of Italy's power, however, was the face, the whole territory of Northern Italy was divided into brand-Tuscan Toscana, Friulian (later Verona) (Veneto), Ivrejskuû (soon joined the Turin Marche), Saluzzo and Montferrat, Turin (all four in Piedmont), Milan (Lombardy). Brand managed by markgrafami each of which was actually a sovereign ruler.

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However, already in the 11th-12th century, most of the brands split into communes which were aristocratic City-States. Tuscan brand completely disintegrated, Verona brand was absorbed by the city of Venice, The brand was annexed to the Savoy in 1091, the earlier marks only the Saluzzo and Montferrat. Some Tuscan's communes are periodically increased democratic elements.

In 1071, the Norman nobleman Robert Guiscard conquered Puglia and Calabria, in 1072, Sicily, in 1073, Amalfi, Salerno, 1078, forming the Duchy of Apulia and Calabria and Sicily in 1130, the United Kingdom of Sicily. In 1135, his power was the Principality

Italy, 1494

The Renaissance

By the 15th century, the commune of Tuscany were merged around Florence in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Lombardy was merged around Milan in the Duchy of                                                                      

Milan, Romagna was United around Ferary in Ferarskoe Duchy, all of these States were monarchies. Venice and Genoa were aristocratic Republic. In the 16th century in much of Italy became the rule of Spain, after the war of the Spanish Succession 1701-1714 — the rule of the Austrian Habsburgs.

In 1797, the French army entered into Italy, the cispadane Republic, transpadane Republic, Republic of Venice, the Republic of Piedmont, Ligurian Republic, Roman Republic, Neapolitan Republic, all were oligarchic republics. In the same year they joined in 1797 the Cisalpine Republic, renamed in 1802 the Italian Republic, which in 1805 was transformed into the Kingdom of Italy, King of the French Emperor Napoleon I in 1814, the French army left Italy, restored the Duchy of Modena, the Duchy of Parma, the Kingdom of Naples and the Papal States were restored early 1799, the Kingdom of Sardinia, was returned to PiedmontEmilia, the Papal States, Lombardy and Veneto regions of Austria.

New time

See also: the Risorgimento and Italian colonial empire

The struggle for a unified Italy led the carbonari, the "young Italy" and other key figures of Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini. By the end of 1860 the

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territory of Italy was largely merged around the Kingdom of Sardinia (to 1861) was a lawyer, in 1870 was incorporated to the Kingdom of Italy to Rome.

20th and 21st century

In 1914, Italy signed the Declaration of neutrality at the outbreak of World War II. In April 1915, Italy signed an agreement with the Entente countries for participation in the war on their side. In May of the same year the Italian Declaration of war is of Austro-Hungary and then Germany. August 1917 anti-war rebellion occurs in Italy working in Turin. In January 1919, the formation of the Catholic people's Party (later the Christian Democratic Party). In March 1919, a fascist movement (the first "combat Union"). In August 1919, a electoral reform (introduction of list PR system and proportional representation in the Chamber of Deputies). January 1921, marked by the formation of the Communist Party of Italy (KPI, the 1944 — CIP). In November of the same year, transforms the Nazi "fighting the unions" in the party.

                                                                 Map Of Italy

In 1922, after a hike of the blackshirts on Rome and handing their demands to the King, the Nazis came to power, installed a dictatorship led by Benito Mussolini (1922-1943). February 7, 1924 year is the establishment of diplomatic relations between Italy and the Soviet Union. In 1929, under the Treaty, Italy Lateranskomu guaranteed the sovereignty of Vatican City. Italy invaded Ethiopia (1935-1936), Albania (1939). Having signed a military alliance with Nazi Germany and Japan in 1940 Italy entered World War II. In 1940 are military actions with the participation of Italy in the Balkans (vs. Greece and Yugoslavia). In 1941 there was complicity in Hitler's aggression against USSR; the Italian military defeat in East Africa. 1941 marked the Declaration of war by Italy and Germany United States. In the 1943 capitulation of Italy was in front of the United Nations and the creation of the National Liberation Committee in Rome, with the participation of 6 anti-fascist parties. In September 1943, the Nazi occupation occurs North and Central Italy ("Republic of Salò"). In June 1944 is the liberation of Rome; creation of a unified guerrilla parties. In the same year, restoring full diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. In December 1944 signed Roman protocols (agreement between the Anglo-US command and the forces of Resistance in the final phase of

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the war and the fate of the partisan formations).In 1945, the actions of the resistance movement (highest point — 1945 April uprising) and the Anglo-American forces in Italy was overthrown by the fascist regime.

In 1946, following a national referendum Italy became a parliamentary Republic.

In November 1947, adopted the Constitution of the Italian Republic, it officially came into force on January 1, 1948. After the second world war, the political scene has been Italy's Christian Democratic Party (PDC), which formed the Government in 1945, 1981 and 1987-1992. In 1948, the parliamentary elections are held, to consolidate the political rule of the CDA. March 1949 — Italy's accession to NATO. In 1960 activation of neo-fascism and the rise of mass antifascist movement. 1969 year was a "hot autumn" (the struggle for new collective agreements and the extension of workers ' rights organizations). 1976-1979 policy of "nationalf Capua, in 1140-Duchy of solidarity. " 1978 going abduction and killing by terrorists from the "Red Brigades" CDA Chairman Aldo                                                                       

Moro. In 1980, was the coming to power of the pâtipartijnoj coalition.

January 1991 the year marked the 20TH Congress of the TCI and the cessation of its existence (the formation of the Democratic Party of the left and the party of the Communist reconstruction). 1991-1993-the shift from proportional electoral system to the majority; operation "clean hands" and the crisis of the traditional government parties.

In 1993, on the accession of Italy to the Maastricht Treaty.

A sharp increase of corruption at all levels of Government led to a change in the electoral system. August 4, 1993 year was approved by the new law on parliamentary elections.

Italy has diplomatic relations with the Russian Federation (established with the SOVIET UNION, February 7, 1924, interrupted Italy June 22, 1941 Goda, restored October 25, 1944 years).

The post-war history of Italy is characterized by frequent change of Governments. Since 1994 the year, Silvio Berlusconi was four times Prime Minister of Italy, the winning, the losing against the center-left opposition

Geography

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Italy is predominantly mountainous country.

To the North is the southern slopes of the Alps with the highest peak of Western Europe mountain Mont Blanc (4808 m), to the South is the Po plain; on the peninsula is the Apennine mountains (the highest point is Mount Corno Grande, 2914 m). The Apennine mountains are divided into: Ligurian and Emilian, Umbro-Toscano-Marchian Apennines, Abruzzian Apennines, Lucanian, Campanian, the Calabrian Apennines and Monti Sabini [it]. In the eastern part of the peninsula is a peninsula of Gargano, on the South-East and South-West of the peninsula Salentina and Calabria, respectively. Active volcanoes — (Vesuvius, Etna); frequent earthquakes.

P.143-East Italian peninsula is washed by the Adriatic Sea with the Gulf of Venice in its northern part. The Strait of Otranto between Apulia and Albania connects the Adriatic Sea with the Ionian Sea. Between Apulia and Calabria are deeply embedded in the Inland Gulf of Taranto. Very narrow Strait of Messina divides                                                                       

Calabria from Sicily and the Sicilian (or Tunisian) 135 km-wide Strait of Sicily from North Africa. The Tyrrhenian Sea is a pool framed by triangular in shape, Sardinia, Corsica, the Tuscan Archipelago, the Apennine peninsula and Sicily. To the North of Corsica is the Ligurian Sea to the Gulf of Genoa.

In the north-eastern part of the island of Sicily are Monti nebrodi, and in the South-western part of the island of Sardinia is the plain of Campidano is located [en].

Most of the small islands divided into archipelagos, such as Tuscan Archipelago, which includes the island of Elba, where Napoleon Bonaparte was exiled.

The longest river of Italy, its length is 682 km. The largest lake is Lake Garda.

Climate

Italy is in a zone of subtropical Mediterranean climate, and the influence of the sea is enhanced by the Alps, which are a barrier for Northern and Western winds.

Volcanoes

In Italy there are both active and extinct volcanoes. Among them are five of the

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most important:Etna, the highest active volcano of Europe-3340 m. it is located in the North-East of the island of Sicily, introducing, together with other craters landscape of incredible beauty, from the coast of Calabria.

Vesuvius-(1277 m) towers over the Gulf of Naples and is this landscape is known. The most famous eruption of Vesuvius in 79 ad, when almost fully under lava and ash are Pompeii, Stabiae and Herculaneum. The last time Vesuvius woke up in 1944, but experts say that the volcano is active and very dangerous. According to scientists, eruptions, such as that which occurred in 79 a.d.., occur about once every 2 k. years [21 1692 days].

Stromboli is an active volcano, formed part of the Aeolian Islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea.

Vulcano is another volcano, the Aeolian Islands, is located on the island.

Marsil′i — a potentially dangerous underwater volcano in the Tyrrhenian Sea.                                                                            

Minerals

In Italy, a large variety of minerals. But many of them are small deposits in reserves, dispersed across the country, often in awkward places for their development. So in 1982, the country was completely discontinued production of iron ore, including on the island of Elba (in some places, but especially in the area of Carrara). In terms of other raw materials area of Italy is poor. Anthracite is found in small quantities in the Valle d'Aosta, the colloidal lignites in Tuscany torfoobraznye, peat and lignite. In Central Italy and Liguria have small deposits of manganese. Bauxite, a long time 1 of karst depressions in Puglia, now almost exhausted. In Sicily there are reserves of potash and rock salt, asphalt, bitumen.

Energy resources of Italy's energy needs only 15%. In Sardinia, Tuscany, Umbria, Calabria has deposits of Brown and hard coal of low quality. Limited oil reserves on the island of Sicily, The Po plain and the East coast of Central Italy provide less than 2% of Italy's oil needs. Are very important for the economy of the country natural gas fields of the Po plains and its continuation is the continental shelf underwater of the Adriatic Sea. Natural gas is found in the Northern, Central and southern Apennines and in Sicily.

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In the postwar years found quite significant (for Italy) of oil resources in the Po plain, in the alpine foothills, as well as on the island of Sicily. In addition to these are bituminous shale, on Sicily's Ragusa, near San Valentino in Abruzzo e Molise, as well as in the area of Frosinone (Lazio).

Population

Demographics

Population dynamics (1960-2006). Number of inhabitants in thousands.

By the end of 2008, the population of Italy topped 60 million [12]. At the moment, the country is in fourth place in terms of population among the countries of the European Union and on the 23-th place among countries around the world. The population density was 199.2 persons per km2. a kilometer is the fifth largest in the European Union. The highest density is in Northern Italy, where almost half of the total population of the country. The most densely populated region of Italy — Plains campaign of Lombardy and Liguria, where on one km² represents more than 300 residents. This is due to the favourable economic conditions before the X century are more developed and populous was the South of the country. Special concentration of population is the Valley of the river Po. Mountain areas are much less common. Here population density drops to 35 persons per 1 km2., in economically underdeveloped areas of Sardinia, Basilicata and the population density was 60 people per 1 km2.