Мендель өмірбаяны

Gregor Johann Mendel (July 20, 1822, Hejncendorf, Austrian Empire-January 6, 1884, Brno, Austro-Hungary) was an Austrian biologist, founder of the doctrine of heredity, known as mendelizm. Its opening became the basis of modern genetics. Future scientist was born into a peasant family. Interest in nature, he showed even in childhood, working as a gardener. About 2 years he attended the philosophical Institute classes in Olomouc (Czech Republic). Then his life took an interesting turn. 1843-Augustinian monastery became a monk. Thomas (Brno, Czech Republic). After he got the name of Gregor. The new duties he found financial support, and later the patronage.  1844-1848. -studied at the Brûnnskom theological Institute. 1847-became a priest. It was engaged in self-education, deputising for the teachers of mathematics and Greek at one of the schools. But when passed the examination to enter the teacher, received a poor evaluation on geology and biology.

1849-1851. -was a teacher of mathematics, Greek and Latin in the Znojmskoj gymnasium.  1851-1853. -studied at the University of Vienna. It was during this time that Gregor Mendel was interested in the process of hybridization. 1854-began to teach natural history and physics at Higher real school Brünn.  1856-again failed the exam in biology, therefore remained a monk, and later became Abbot of the Augustinian monastery in Brno. 1856-1863. -started to conduct experiments on peas, which were formulated laws, ob″âsnivšie inheritance ("Mendel's Laws"). All experiments conducted in the small Abbot parish grounds. The importance of Mendel's conclusions, scientists have realized only first 20.

Starobrnenskom in the Augustinian monastery, located on the outskirts of Brno, is a monument to Mendelû. Manuscripts, drawings and other documents of Mendel in a specially constructed Museum. Here you can also see the old microscope and other appliances that scientist used during experiments. In honor of the Mendel University and named the area in Brno, as well as 1-I, the Czech research station built in Antarctica.

Biography

Gregor Mendel was born into an ethnic German family in Heinzendorf bei Odrau, Austrian Silesia, Austrian Empire (now Hynčice, Czech Republic). He was the son of Anton and Rosine (Schwirtlich) Mendel, and had one older sister, Veronika, and one younger, Theresia. He was christened Johann Mendel and given the name Gregor when he joined the Augustinian monks.^[5] They lived and worked on a farm which had been owned by the Mendel family for at least 130 years.^[6] During his childhood, Mendel worked as a gardener and studied beekeeping. Later on, as a young man, he attended gymnasium in Opava. He had to take four months off during his Gymnasium studies due to illness. From 1840 to 1843, he studied practical and theoretical philosophy as well as physics at the University of Olomouc Faculty of Philosophy, taking another year off because of illness. He also struggled financially to pay for his studies and Theresia gave him her dowry. Later he helped support her three sons, two of whom became doctors. He became a monk because it enabled him to obtain an education without having to pay for it himself.^[7]

When Mendel entered the Faculty of Philosophy, the Department of Natural History and Agriculture was headed by Johann Karl Nestler, who conducted extensive research of hereditary traits of plants and animals, especially sheep. Upon recommendation of his physics teacher Friedrich Franz,^[8] Mendel entered the Augustinian St Thomas's Abbey and began his training as a priest. Born Johann Mendel, he took the name Gregor upon entering religious life. Mendel worked as a substitute high school teacher. In 1850 he failed the oral part, the last of three parts, of his exams to become a certified high school teacher. In 1851 he was sent to the University of Vienna to study under the sponsorship of Abbot C. F. Napp so that he could get more formal education.^[9] At Vienna, his professor of physics was Christian Doppler.^[10] Mendel returned to his abbey in 1853 as a teacher, principally of physics. In 1856 he took the exam to become a certified teacher and again failed the oral part.^[9]In 1867 he replaced Napp as abbot of the monastery.^[11]

Mendel began his studies on heredity at St. Thomas's Abbey with mice, but his bishop did not like one of his monks studying animal sex, so Mendel switched to plants.^[12] Mendel also bred bees in a bee house that was built for him, using bee hives that he designed.^[13] He also studied astronomy and meteorology,^[11] founding the 'Austrian Meteorological Society' in 1865.^[10] The majority of his published works were related to meteorology.^[10]

Experiments on plant hybridization

Gregor Mendel, who is known as the "father of modern genetics", was inspired by both his professors at the University of Olomouc (Friedrich Franz & Johann Karl Nestler) and his colleagues at the monastery (e.g., Franz Diebl) to study variation in plants, and he conducted his study in the monastery's 2 hectares (4.9 acres) experimental garden,^[14] which was originally planted by Napp in 1830.^[11] Unlike Nestler, who studied hereditary traits in sheep, Mendel focused on plants. After initial experiments with pea plants, Mendel settled on studying seven traits that seemed to inherit independently of other traits: seed shape, flower color, seed coat tint, pod shape, unripe pod color, flower location, and plant height. He first focused on seed shape, which was either angular or round.^[15] Between 1856 and 1863 Mendel cultivated and tested some 29,000 pea plants (i.e., Pisum sativum). This study showed that one in four pea plants had purebred recessive alleles, two out of four were hybrid and one out of four were purebred dominant. His experiments led him to make two generalizations, the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment, which later came to be known as Mendel's Laws of Inheritance.

Mendel presented his paper, Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden (Experiments on Plant Hybridization), at two meetings of the Natural History Society of Brno in Moravia on February 8 and March 8, 1865.^[16] It was received favorably and generated reports in several local newspapers.^[17] When Mendel's paper was published in 1866 in Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereins Brünn,^[18] it was seen as essentially about hybridization rather than inheritance and had little impact and was cited about three times over the next thirty-five years. Notably, Charles Darwin was unaware of Mendel's paper, according to Jacob Bronowski's The Ascent of Man. His paper was criticized at the time, but is now considered a seminal work.

Early Life

Gregor Johann Mendel was born Johann Mendel on July 22, 1822, to Anton and Rosine Mendel, on his family’s farm, in what was then Heinzendorf, Austria. He spent his early youth in that rural setting, until age 11, when a local schoolmaster who was impressed with his aptitude for learning recommended that he be sent to secondary school in Troppau to continue his education. The move was a financial strain on his family, and often a difficult experience for Mendel, but he excelled in his studies, and in 1840, he graduated from the school with honors.

Following his graduation, Mendel enrolled in a two-year program at the Philosophical Institute of the University of Olmütz. There, he again distinguished himself academically, particularly in the subjects of physics and math, and tutored in his spare time to make ends meet. Despite suffering from deep bouts of depression that, more than once, caused him to temporarily abandon his studies, Mendel graduated from the program in 1843.

That same year, against the wishes of his father, who expected him to take over the family farm, Mendel began studying to be a monk: He joined the Augustinian order at the St. Thomas Monastery in Brno, and was given the name Gregor. At that time, the monastery was a cultural center for the region, and Mendel was immediately exposed to the research and teaching of its members, and also gained access to the monastery’s extensive library and experimental facilities.

In 1849, when his work in the community in Brno exhausted him to the point of illness, Mendel was sent to fill a temporary teaching position in Znaim. However, he failed a teaching-certification exam the following year, and in 1851, he was sent to the University of Vienna, at the monastery’s expense, to continue his studies in the sciences. While there, Mendel studied mathematics and physics under Christian Doppler, after whom the Doppler effect of wave frequency is named; he studied botany under Franz Unger, who had begun using a microscope in his studies, and who was a proponent of a pre-Darwinian version of evolutionary theory.

In 1853, upon completing his studies at the University of Vienna, Mendel returned to the monastery in Brno and was given a teaching position at a secondary school, where he would stay for more than a decade. It was during this time that he began the experiments for which he is best known.

Experiments and Theories

Around 1854, Mendel began to research the transmission of hereditary traits in plant hybrids. At the time of Mendel’s studies, it was a generally accepted fact that the hereditary traits of the offspring of any species were merely the diluted blending of whatever traits were present in the “parents.” It was also commonly accepted that, over generations, a hybrid would revert to its original form, the implication of which suggested that a hybrid could not create new forms.