Грамматические и неграмматические способы выражения времени в английском языке

Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 10 Ноября 2013 в 09:37, курсовая работа

Описание работы

Цель исследования - выявить и описать средства репрезентации времени на лексическом и грамматическом уровне.
В ходе работы использовались следующие методы: метод лингвистического анализа и наблюдения, систематизации, описательный метод, дистрибутивный метод, метод количественного подсчёта и сплошной выборки, контекстологический метод
Материалом исследования является оригинальный текст произведения У.С. Моэма "Бремя страстей человеческих", из которого методом сплошной выборки было отобрано триста контекстов выражения темпоральных отношений.

Содержание работы

Введение…………………………………………………………………………..3
Глава I. Теоретическая часть. Грамматические и неграмматические способы выражения времени в английском языке
1. Время и язык. Общее определение времени………………………………...5
2. Категория времени в английском языке………………………………….….9
3. Стандартные и нестандартные средства выражения категории времени в английском языке………………………………………………………………..11
4. Выводы по первой главе……………………………………………………..16
Глава II. Практическая часть. Способы выражения темпоральных отношений в произведении У.С. Моэма "Бремя страстей человеческих"
1. Видовременные средства репрезентации темпоральных отношений…...17
2. Лексические средства выражения темпоральных отношений…………...23
3. Выводы по второй главе………………………………………………….....29
III. Заключение…………………………………………………………………..30
VI. Библиография……………………………………………………………..…31
VII. Приложение………………………………………………………………....34

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He lifted the towel and looked. (2)

But Philip could not live long in the rarefied air of the hilltops. (55)

But Philip could not bear to be angry with him long, and even when convinced that he was in the right, would apologise humbly. (55)

Carey lived in the dining-room so that one fire should do, and in the summer they could not get out of the habit, so the drawing-room was used only by Mr. Carey on Sunday afternoons for his nap. (10)

Winter set in. (96)

It amused him to make up his mind in that accidental way, and he resolved then and there to enter his father's old hospital in the autumn. (218)

A great disappointment befell him in the spring. (139)

The following morning he sent for Philip. (138)

No, I'm not a gentleman, I'm only a clerk. I have a bath on Saturday night. (500)

He ate his food in his lonely little room and spent the evening with a book. (137)

"He's a little better today," she said. "He's got a wonderful constitution." (482)

If you decide on that you must be there at a quarter to nine tomorrow morning. (442)

But when an action is performed it is clear that all the forces of the universe from all eternity conspired to cause it, and nothing I could do could have prevented it. (177)

Then he said: "I wrote a poem yesterday." (161)

"I tell you, my boy," said Ramsden, "you're jolly well out of it. Harry says that if he'd suspected for half a second she was going to make such a blooming nuisance of herself he'd have seen himself damned before he had anything to do with her." (348)

I really ought to break myself of the habit. It's absurd to behave like a child when you're my age, but I'm comfortable with my legs under me. (343)

I don't know what you mean by that. If I'm not clever I can't help it, but I'm not the fool you think I am, not by a long way, I can tell you. You're a bit too superior for me, my young friend. (322)

She looked at him suspiciously, but in a moment could not resist the temptation to impress him with the splendour of her early days. (241)

He got a list of rooms from him, and took lodgings in a dingy house which had the advantage of being within two minutes' walk of the hospital. (222)

You see, it seems to me, one's like a closed bud, and most of what one reads and does has no effect at all; but there are certain things that have a peculiar significance for one, and they open a petal; and the petals open one by one; and at last the flower is there. (278)

Philip read them idly. (487)

You know, I'd never believe it of anyone but you. You're only thinking of my good. I wonder what you see in me. (277)

You ought to go to bed all the same. It would rest you.

He would have given anything to be friends with Rose. (61)

She would be crossing from Flushing on such and such a day, and if he travelled at the same time he

could look after her and come on to Blackstable in her company. (105)

"Wake up, Philip," she said. (1)

He kissed her quickly and ran towards the wicket as fast as he could. (314)

A breath of sea-air will do you good. (355)

"What are you doing?" he asked. (283)

He took hold of her arm and without thinking what he was doing tried to drag her away. (477)

You have been a brick to me, Phil dear. (200)

He had talked to her a great deal of Griffiths. (304)

She's going back to London on Wednesday, so by the time you receive this letter you will have seen her and I hope everything will go off all right. (366)

She had been hankering for it. (257)

"I don't think there's anything I can do just now," he said. "I'll call again after breakfast." (3)

Immediately after Mrs. Carey's death Emma had ordered from the florist masses of white flowers for the room in which the dead woman lay. It was sheer waste of money. (7)

She had no photographs of herself taken since her marriage, and that was ten years before. (13)

This was not quite accurate, for he had been kept awake by his own thoughts; and Philip, listening sullenly, reflected that he had only made a noise once, and there was no reason why his uncle should not have slept before or after. (21)

The blinds were drawn, and the room, in the cold light of a January afternoon, was dark. (8)

Philip did not find living in Paris as cheap as he had been led to believe and by February had spent most of the money with which he started. (180)

Towards the end of February it was clear that Cronshaw was growing much worse. (364)

South London there was the languor of February; nature is restless then after the long winter months, growing things awake from their sleep, and there is a rustle in the earth, a forerunner of spring, as it resumes its eternal activities. (424)

In March there was all the excitement of sending in to the Salon. (185)

He had an examination in anatomy at the end of March. (259)

Philip did not pass the examination in anatomy at the end of March. (262)

At the beginning of March. (292)

Mildred expected to be confined early in March, and as soon as she was well enough she was to go to the seaside for a fortnight: that would give Philip a chance to work without interruption for his examination; after that came the Easter holidays, and they had arranged to go to Paris together. (307)

He was taking up his duties at the beginning of May and meanwhile was going home for a holiday. (315)

She asked him to give her something to eat one evening towards the end of April. (263)

He was taking up his duties at the beginning of May and meanwhile was going home for a holiday; this was his last week in town, and he was determined to get as much enjoyment into it as he could. (315)

Fifteen, father, come next June. (376)

It was June, but it had rained during the day and the night was raw and cold. (388)

It was the middle of June. (433)

She's going back to London on Wednesday, so by the time you receive this letter you will have seen her and I hope everything will go. (336)

It was the middle of July. (404)

I'll tell you what I'm going to do. I'm going to be operated upon at the end of July. (405)

Philip wrote back that he could come down to Blackstable for a fortnight in July. (465)

It was in July, and in another fortnight he was to have gone for his holiday. (481)

Time passed and it was July; August came: on Sundays the church was crowded with strangers, and the collection at the offertory often amounted to two pounds. (26)

If he left Heidelberg at the end of July they could talk things over during August, and it would be a good time to make arrangements. (105)

Philip worked well and easily; he had a good deal to do, since he was taking in July the three parts of the First Conjoint examination, two of which he had failed in before; but he found life pleasant. He made a new friend. (272)

Through July they had one fine day after another; it was very hot; and the heat, searing Philip's heart, filled him with languor; he could not work; his mind was eager with a thousand thoughts. (190)

"Oh, it doesn't matter a bit," said Philip. "I'm jolly glad you're all right. I shall go up again in July." (247)

I've got the decree nisi. It'll be made absolute in July, and then we are going to be married at once. (344)

He was taking the examination in Materia Medica in July, and it amused him to play with various drugs, concocting mixtures, rolling pills, and making ointments. (346)

In the three months of the winter session the students who had joined in October had already shaken down into groups, and it was clear which were brilliant, which were clever or industrious, and which were 'rotters'. (247)

I can take a holiday with a clear conscience. I have no work to do till the winter session begins in October. (276)

At the beginning of October he settled down in London to work for the Second Conjoint examination. (277)

I shall start my dressing in October instead of next month. (405)

Philip spent the few weeks that remained before the beginning of the winter session in the out-patients' department, and in October settled down to regular work. (499)

He took modest rooms in Westminster and at the beginning of October entered upon his duties. (526)

Mr. Carey took him into Tercanbury one Thursday afternoon towards the end of September. (27)

This settled it, and it was arranged that Philip should start work on the fifteenth of September. (115)

Philip read the letter to Mrs. Carey and told her he proposed to start on the first of September. (144)

I suppose it'll do if you go back to Paris in September. (215)

And so, on the last day of September, eager to put into practice all these new theories of life, Philip, with sixteen hundred pounds and his club-foot, set out for the second time to London to make his third start in life. (222)

The Athelnys went hopping in September, but he could not then be spared, since during that month the autumn models were prepared. (465)

A sweet scent arose from the fat Kentish soil, and the fitful September breeze was heavy with the goodly perfume of the hops. (516)

Mrs. Carey had been ill all through November, and the doctor suggested that she and the Vicar should go to Cornwall for a couple of weeks round Christmas so that she should get back her strength. (136)

On the seventh of November, sir. (478)

Sometimes friends came to stay with the doctor and brought news of the world outside; and the visitors spending August by the sea had their own way of looking at things. (67)

By the end of August, when Weeks returned from South Germany, Philip was completely under Hayward's influence. (86)

Day after day was hot and cloudless; but the heat was tempered by the neighbourhood of the sea, and there was a pleasant exhilaration in the air, so that one was excited and not oppressed by the August sunshine. (113)

He was to have his holiday during the last fortnight in August, and when he went away he would tell Herbert Carter that he had no intention of returning. (141)

At last came the middle of August. (141)

She did not want him to put himself to inconvenience; she said she would wait till August and then she hoped he would come and stay at the vicarage for two or three weeks. (212)

His uncle had offered a fold-up bed for which, now that he no longer let his house in August, he had no further use; and by spending another ten pounds Philip bought himself whatever else was essential. (340)

They settled to go to Brighton in August. (406)

Uncle William was affected by the great heat too, and in August they had three weeks of sweltering weather. (453)

He passed a sweltering August behind his screen in the costumes department, drawing in his shirt sleeves. (469)

He arranged to undertake that duty during the last week of August and the first two of September. (488)

The auction was fixed for the middle of August, when the presence of visitors for the summer holidays would make it possible to get better prices. (488)

At the beginning of the last week in August Philip entered upon his duties in the 'district. ' (490)

At the beginning of August Philip passed his surgery, his last examination, and received his diploma. (504)

The news that came from South Africa was less reassuring, and Philip with anxiety saw that his shares had fallen to two; but Macalister was optimistic, the Boers couldn't hold out much longer, and he was willing to bet a top-hat that Roberts would march into Johannesburg before the middle of April. (427)

Early in April he went to the tavern in Beak Street anxious to see Macalister. (428)

When the news came that his sister-in-law was dying, he set off at once for London, but on the way (6)

thought of nothing but the disturbance in his life that would be caused if her death forced him to undertake the care of her son. (6)

She stored her furniture, and, at a rent which the parson thought outrageous, took a furnished house for a year, so that she might suffer from no inconvenience till her child was born. (7)

"I've had the stove lighted as I thought you'd be cold after your journey," said Mrs. Carey. (10)

She knew nothing about children. (10)

I told Mary Ann to make you an egg. I thought you'd be hungry after your journey. (11)

Mrs. Carey thought the journey from London to Blackstable very tiring. (11)

At first they thought she must have gone to Miss Watkin, and the cook was sent round. (14)

He had bought them second-hand in Tercanbury, and he thought they looked very well. (20)

But Josiah Graves said they were popish. (20)

Mrs. Carey gasped. (22)

He said the words so savagely that it gave her quite a start. (22)

Philip watched her in amazement. (22)

She took out her handkerchief, and now she cried without restraint. (22)

She thought she would hear Philip his collect so that he should make no mistakes when he said it to his uncle. (24)

Her heart gave a little jump. (24)

"Well, did she wash?" he went on. (29)

"Yes," said Philip indignantly. (29)

The little boy crowed with delight at the success of his dialectic. (29)

Then he caught sight of Philip's feet. (29)

He hid it behind the one which was whole. (29)

He hated to have quarrelled with him, and now that he saw he had given him pain he was very sorry. (61)

He did not know why Venning kicked him. (29)

While Philip was nursing his shin a third boy appeared, and his tormentor left him. (30)

He grew hot and uncomfortable. (30)

The boy looked down quickly and reddened. (30)

Then a voice sang out, and he remembered where he was. (30)

"I suppose you can't play football, Carey?" he asked him. (32)

Philip blushed self-consciously. (32)

Very well. You'd better go up to the field. You can walk as far as that, can't you? (32)

"Mr. Watson said I needn't, sir," said Philip. (32)

Oh, I see. (32)

He made his voice gruff and loud. (32)

Philip guessed the kindness, and a sob came to his throat. (32)

I can't go very fast, sir. (32)

"Then I'll go very slow," said the master, with a smile. (33)

He suddenly felt less unhappy. (33)

Stop still then and put out your foot. (33)

The boy gave the arm another wrench. (33)

"All right. I'll do it," said Philip. (33)

Suddenly they heard Mr. Watson's heavy tread on the stairs. (34)

He fell asleep. (34)

Philip's heart beat fast. (35)

He knew what was coming and was dreadfully frightened, but in his fright there was a certain exultation. (35)

Mr. Watson pointed to Singer. (35)

Mr. Watson looked at him for a moment. (35)

He was angry because he had been hurt. (36)

"I say, what's the matter?" said Luard, with surprise. "I'll get you another one exactly the same." (38)

Philip took the two pieces of the pen-holder and looked at them. (38)

He tried to restrain his sobs. (38)

"I say, Uncle William, this passage here, does it really mean that? (39)

He put his finger against it as though he had come across it accidentally. (40)

Mr. Carey looked up over his spectacles. (40)

He was holding The Blackstable Times in front of the fire. (40)

Why, this about if you have faith you can remove mountains. (40)

Philip looked at his uncle for an answer. (40)

"You're very quiet this morning, Philip," said Aunt Louisa presently. (41)

"He's thinking of the good breakfast he'll have at school to-morrow," said the Vicar. (41)

"I suppose no one ever has faith enough," he said. (42)

The text which spoke of the moving of mountains was just one of those that said one thing and meant another. (42)

He thought his uncle had been playing a practical joke on him. (42)

And when they saw him they were not reassured. (45)

"I want to go round and have a look at the shop," he answered cheerfully. (45)

"He wants to go round and look at his father's old shop. (45)

He turned to Mrs. Fleming. (45)

She was very angry. (45)

I expect he would if you explain who you are. (45)

They thought of the Salvation Army with its braying trumpets and its drums. (46)

"He looks more of a gipsy than ever," said one, after a pause. (46)

But conversation halted. (46)

"I'm not thinking of marrying," he said. (47)

I wonder if you'd mind taking the Sixth today at eleven. We'll change over, shall we? (48)

Mr. Perkins never gave us any construing to do. He asked me what I knew about General Gordon. (48)

Mr. Perkins laughed. (48)

Now, Carey, you tell them. (49)

Go on. Go on. Go on. (50)

"I don't know it," he gasped. (50)

Let's take the words one by one. (50)

He was pleased with the word, and he repeated it at the top of his voice. (50)

That relieved him a little. (50)

I remember Mr. Gordon used to call me a gipsy counter-jumper when I was in his form. (51)

I don't know, sir. Mr. Gordon said I was a club-footed blockhead. (51)

He began explaining to Philip what he saw. (51)

I don't know, sir. (51)

Philip passed the next two years with comfortable monotony. (51)

Then they fell into the hands of Tar. (52)

The boys looked upon him as rather a dog. (52)

Mr. Perkins took this part of his work with great seriousness. (53)

Philip looked away. (54)

You'll be rich. I had nothing. (54)

I'm afraid your choice of professions will be rather limited. (54)

He saw that the boy hated to discuss the matter and he let him go. (55)

Philip had few friends. (55)

"I can't walk fast enough for you," he said. (56)

"I can't," he answered. "I've already promised Carey." (560)

Philip answered joyfully. (57)

Philip stopped in embarrassment. (59)

In those days to dye the hair excited comment, and Philip had heard much gossip at home when his godmother's changed colour. (5)

The little she had slipped through her fingers in one way and another, so that now, when all expenses were paid, not much more than two thousand pounds remained to support the boy till he was able to earn his own living. (7)

He had often been in the room when his mother was not in it, but now it seemed different. (8)

Philip parted from Emma with tears, but the journey to Blackstable amused him, and, when they arrived, he was resigned and cheerful. (9)

Giving their luggage to a porter, Mr. Carey set out to walk with Philip to the vicarage; it took them little more than five minutes, and, when they reached it, Philip suddenly remembered the gate. (9)

"There's Aunt Louisa," said Mr. Carey, when he saw her. "Run and give her a kiss." (9)

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