Анализ движения кадров в организации и резервы улучшения их использования в ЗАО « Компания «Старый Пивовар»

 

Таким образом, перемещение  персонала может быть горизонтальным или вертикальным ( без смены или со сменой иерархического уровня организационной структуры). В то же время перемещение может проходить и в рамках одного подразделения структуры, и с переходом в другое подразделение.

Степень управляемости  процессом кадровых перемещений связана с тем, что эти процессы делятся на планируемые, прогнозируемые и спонтанные.

К планируемым процессам  относят приём, увольнение, продвижение  в другие подразделения, связанные  со структурными изменениями в разделении труда, уход работников на пенсию или повышение квалификации. Прогнозируемые процессы представляют собой увольнения работников, обусловленные естественными закономерностями мобильности работников. Спонтанные процессы вызваны ситуациями личного характера, увольнением вследствие  дисциплинарных взысканий, смещение с должности.

Движение кадров организуется строго в соответствии с кадровой политикой и проводится в жизнь  сотрудниками отдела кадров. Если движение кадров идёт спонтанно по результатам  увольнения сотрудников, от случая к случаю, то эффект планомерной расстановки кадров невелик. Только целенаправленное движение кадров даёт реальный социальный эффект. Организация движения кадров имеет в управлении персоналом принципиальное значение, так как обеспечивает замещение вакантных мест и соблюдение плановой карьеры работников [2, С. 183].

Управление движением  персонала можно представить  как совокупность управленческих воздействий, направленных, во-первых, на формирование удовлетворенности работника предприятием в целом и конкретным рабочим местом, а во-вторых. На целевую организацию определенной части движения персонала. Управление трудовыми перемещениями на уровне предприятий означает подбор и  расстановку кадров, которые сводятся к нахождению оптимального размещения работников в структуре производственного коллектива.

Управление перемещениями  внутри предприятия может быть эффективным, когда работа по продвижению является одним элементом целостной системы  мер по оптимизации перемещения  рабочей силы.

Управление внутренним движением кадров в организации является частью работы по управлению персоналом и по управлению предприятием в целом. Перемещение могут происходить внутри предприятия в организованной форме ( перевод работников на другие рабочие места) и в неорганизованной, то есть в форме внутрипроизводственной текучести кадров. Организованные перемещения персонала осуществляется в рамках проведения кадровой политики предприятия. Причиной организованного движения персонала является прежде всего производственная необходимость, необходимость обеспечить всю систему рабочих мест рабочей силой. Организованные перемещения внутри предприятия не всегда совпадают с личными планами и интересами работников. В этом случае создаётся почва для увеличения доли неорганизованных перемещений.

Движение кадров  в организации прежде всего связано с изменениями в количественных характеристиках, которые необходимо анализировать для своевременного обнаружения негативных тенденций и предотвращения их [2, С. 184-185].

1.2. Учёт и анализ  движения кадров

От рациональной организации  внутренних перемещений на предприятии  во многом зависят возможности квалификационного  продвижения, получения работы по интересам  с оптимальным для рабочего условиями  и оплатой труда.

В результате непрерывно происходящего  приёма и увольнения работников состав персонала организации постоянно меняется. Это изменение называют оборотом кадров. Общий внутрифирменный оборот работников определяется коэффициентом, который исчисляется по числу работников, принимавших участие во внутрифирменном движении независимо от числа изменённых позиций.

Показатели оборота кадров широко используются для характеристики общих  размеров движения кадров. При этом исчисляются общий и частные ( по приёму и увольнению) коэффициенты оборота.

Общий коэффициент оборота ( ) определяется отношением суммы принятых ( ) и уволенных ( ) к среднесписочному ( ) числу рабочих или работающих:

Частные коэффициенты оборота измеряются соответственно отношением числа принятых ( оборот по приёму - ) или числа уволенных ( оборот по увольнению - ) за определённый период к среднесписочному числу работающих:

 или  .

Для характеристики изменения  численности персонала применяется  также показатель сменяемости кадров  ( ) . Он определяется как отношение меньшей величины из числа принятых или уволенных из организации за анализируемый период к среднесписочной численности работников за тот же период:

Кроме выше перечисленных  показателей для характеристики устойчивости кадров на предприятии  применяются также показатели постоянства  и стабильности кадров.

Коэффициент постоянства  кадров определяется отношением количества лиц, состоявших в списочном составе  предприятия в течение всего  календарного года, к среднесписочной  численности работников. Для определения  численности работников, состоявших в списочном составе с 1 января по 31 декабря включительно,то есть проработавших весь год, из численности работников, состоявших в списках на начало отчётного года ( на 1января), исключаются выбывшие в течение года по всем причинам, корме выбывших из числа принятых в отчётном году, поскольку в списках предприятия на 1 января их не было.

Стабильность персонала  принято характеризовать долей  работающих продолжительный срок на предприятии в общей численности  работников. Коэффициент стабильности кадров рассчитывается как отношение доли работников со стажем работы на предприятии в пять и более лет к общему числу работающих.

Характеристика движения рабочей силы по коэффициентам оборота  не раскрывает причин выбытия. Поэтому  её движение следует анализировать  ещё с точки зрения текучести, которая отражает уровень организации труда и быта работников предприятия и служит наиболее важной характеристикой стабильности трудового коллектива. Текучесть кадров- процесс незапланированного, неорганизованного перемещения рабочей силы, обусловленный неудовлетворенностью работника рабочим местом или неудовлетворённостью организации данным работником.

Текучесть кадров характеризуется  количеством рабочих , уволившихся  по собственному желанию или уволенных  за прогул и другие нарушения трудовой дисциплины. Отношение этого количества к среднесписочному числу позволяет определить её относительный уровень:

где - коэффициент текучести, %;  число работников, уволившихся по собственному желанию; число сотрудников, уволенных за прогул и другие нарушения трудовой дисциплины.

При изучении текучести  кадров большой интерес представляет измерение её величины не только в  целом по предприятию, но и по отдельным его структурным подразделениям и группам работников. Коэффициенты, характеризующие уровень текучести в отдельных подразделениях или группах работников, называются частными коэффициентами текучести. Методика исчисления частных коэффициентов текучести аналогична расчёту общего показателя  (но только по данному подразделению).Отношение частного коэффициента текучести к общему по предприятию называется коэффициентом интенсивности текучести:

,

где  коэффициент интенсивности текучести; - частный коэффициент текучести по определённому подразделению.

Он показывает, во сколько  раз текучесть работников исследуемой  группы выше ( ниже), чем в целом  по предприятию. Использование этого  показателя имеет большое значение при изучении социальных, демографических, профессиональных и других особенностей текучести.

При решении задач  управления движением персонала  прежде всего следует иметь в  виду, что интенсивность и направленность этого движения в основном определяется текучестью работников, являющейся наименее предсказуемой и трудно регулируемой частью общего потока перемещений работников.

Таким образом, обязательны  этапом анализа на предприятии является определение степени постоянства  кадров, их сменяемости и текучести. При анализе коэффициентов, характеризующих движение кадров, сравнивают в базисе, плане и отчёте и делают соответствующие выводы. При анализе текучести кадров определяют её величину, динамику и причины, разрабатывают мероприятия по снижению текучести, а также рассчитывают ущерб от текучести кадров. Затем выполняют количество потерь в выпуске продукции.

1.3. Документирование  процессов движения кадров.

 

Среди задач, решаемых кадровой службой, наиболее традиционной представляется документирование трудовых правоотношений. В процессе их возникновения и установления возникает значительный объём разнообразных документов. Наибольшая часть документов кадровой службы связана с движением кадров.

Документирование движения кадров – неотъемлемая обязанность любой организации ( предприятия, учреждения), независимо от масштабов его деятельности и организационно-правовой формы. Как было сказано выше, под движением кадров понимают:

Приём на работу;

Перевод на другую работу;

Увольнение;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

Предоставление отпусков;

Командирование;         

В состав кадровой документации входят следующие документы: 
- трудовой договор (контракт);

-приказ (распоряжение) о  приёме на работу (форма Т-1);

-личная карточка (форма  Т-2);

-учётная карточка  научного работника (форма Т-4);

-приказ (распоряжение) о  переводе на другую работу (форма  Т-5); приказ (распоряжение) о предоставлении  отпуска (форма Т-6);

-приказ (распоряжение) о  прекращении трудового договора (контракта)  (форма Т-8);

-табель учёта использования  рабочего времени ( форма Т-13);

- табель учёта использования  рабочего времени и расчёта  заработной платы (форма Т-12);

- личные заявления  работников предприятия;

-графики отпусков;

- докладные записки;

-акты;

Трудовой договор- соглашение между работодателем и работником, в соответствии с которым работодатель обязуется предоставить работнику работу по обусловленной трудовой функции, обеспечить условия труда, предусмотренные трудовым законодательством и иными нормативными правовыми актами, содержащими нормы трудового права, коллективным договором, соглашениями, локальными нормативными актами и данным соглашением, своевременно и в полном размере выплачивать работнику заработную плату, а работник обязуется лично выполнять определённую этим соглашением трудовую функцию. Соблюдать правила внутреннего распорядка, действующие у данного работодателя. (Часть в ред. Федерального закона от 30 июня 2006 г. № 90- ФЗ).

Сторонами трудового  договора являются работодатель и работник. [ТК РФ , статья 56].  

Трудовой договор (контракт) заключается в письменной форме между работником и администрацией предприятия в лице руководителя предприятия и должен содержать следующие основные реквизиты: название вида документа, дату и место составления, текст, подписи, печать. Контракт составляется в двух экземплярах, один из которых остается на предприятии, а другой  
       Приказ (распоряжение) о приеме на работу (форма Т-1) является одной из унифицированных форм первичной учетной документации. Форма применяется для учета вновь принятых на работу. Заполняется в одном экземпляре работником отдела кадров на всех принятых, за исключением назначаемых вышестоящим органом. Начальник структурного подразделения дает заключение о возможности приема: на оборотной стороне проекта приказа указывается, в качестве кого может быть принят на работу нанимающийся, по какому разряду или с каким окладом и продолжительностью испытательного срока. 
       На оборотной стороне проставляются также согласие работника с условиями работы, результаты переговоров, медицинского осмотра, отметка о прохождении инструктажа по технике безопасности, противопожарному минимуму и другие отметки. 
       Проект приказа (распоряжения) о приеме на работу работника, которому устанавливают тарифную ставку, оклад, визируется в соответствующей службе организации для подтверждения вакантной должности и устанавливаемого оклада, тарифной ставки. Подписанный руководителем организации приказ (распоряжение) объявляется работнику под расписку. 
       Работник отдела кадров на основании приказа (распоряжения) о приеме на работу заполняет личную карточку, делает отметку о зачислении на работу в трудовой книжке, а бухгалтерия открывает лицевой счет или соответствующий ему документ.