Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 27 Сентября 2013 в 05:55, шпаргалка
London
The capital city of England and the United Kingdom lies on the River Thames, which winds through the city. Its many bridges are a famous sight. The oldest is London Bridge, originally made of wood but rebuilt in stone in 1217. The most distinctive is Tower Bridge, which was designated to blend in with the nearby Tower of London.
В течение XIX и XX вв. жители Британских островов добились известной демократизации избирательного права и значительного расширения круга избирателей за счет снятия многих избирательных цензов. Правом голоса теперь наделены все лица, достигшие 18 лет, при условии, что они являются британскими подданными или гражданами Северной Ирландии и внесены в избирательные списки по месту проживания. Единственным исключением являются пэры Британии (они имеют право заседать в Палате лордов) и лица, которые по очевидным причинам не могут быть включены в списки избирателей (иностранцы и недееспособные).
Любой гражданин, достигший возраста совершеннолетия (21 год) и не лишенный права баллотироваться в парламент, может быть зарегистрирован в качестве кандидата в депутаты на всеобщих выборах. К числу тех, кто не может претендовать на место депутата в парламенте следует отнести членов Палаты лордов, церковных иерархов, государственных чиновников, военнослужащих и полицейских, а также лиц, занимающих высшие судебные должности.
Система регистрации
кандидатов в депутаты
В Британии, в политической
жизни которой господствует
Британская мажоритарная
система выборов, основанная
Эта жесткая, пресловуто известная ‘британская мажоритарная система’ выборов нередко приводит к непропорциональному представительству общественных партий и движений в законодательном органе страны, а иногда и к правительству меньшинства, за что справедливо критикуется странами Европейского содружества, исповедующими иные более мягкие демократические формы.
Elections in GB
During XIX and XX centuries people of British isles have achieved known democratization of suffrage and significant expansion of a circle of voters due to removal of many electoral qualifications. All persons over 18 years of age may vote in parliamentary elections provided they are British subjects or citizens of the Irish Republic and are registered in the register of electors. The only exception are peers (who already have seats in the House of Lords), and persons who for obvious reasons are not eligible to register as voters, e.g. aliens and persons of unsound mind.
Every person who is a British subject aged 21 or over and is not otherwise disqualified, has the right to stand for election. Those who are disqualified include members of the House of Lords, clergy of the Church of England, the Church of Scotland, the Church of Ireland and the Roman Catholic Church, civil servants, members of the regular armed forces and the police forces and holders of judicial offices.
The system of registration of candidates is simplified as much as possible: the nomination paper of each candidate must be subscribed (signed) by two electors as proposer and seconder, and by 8 other electors as assenting to the nomination. The candidate must pay a deposit of 500 English pounds, if he fails to obtain .5 per cent of the votes cast, his deposit is forfeited (he loses his deposit).
In Britain where in political life prevail the system of two leading political parties, independent candidates have little chance of success. However, small political parties prefer to cooperate with leading parties in order to pass common candidates to parliament.
British electoral majority system, based on principle of relative majority, doesn’t suppose the second round in voting: the candidate who wins the most votes is elected, even if he or she does not get as many as the combined votes of the other candidates. Therefore there is a significant difference between amount of votes for candidates from political parties and amount of the places received by them in parliament.
This notoriously known British rigid electoral majority system quite often leads disproportionate representation of public parties and movements in a legislative body of the country, and sometimes and to the government of minority, for that is fairly criticized by the countries of the European commonwealth using other softer democratic forms.