Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 27 Сентября 2013 в 05:55, шпаргалка
London
The capital city of England and the United Kingdom lies on the River Thames, which winds through the city. Its many bridges are a famous sight. The oldest is London Bridge, originally made of wood but rebuilt in stone in 1217. The most distinctive is Tower Bridge, which was designated to blend in with the nearby Tower of London.
Верховный Суд США (1)
Высшим органом
судебной системы США является
Вопрос о несоответствии того или иного закона Конституции США может быть поставлен в любом суде, но лишь при рассмотрении конкретного гражданского или уголовного дела, связанного с применением данного закона. Окончательное же решение по данному вопросу выносит Верховный суд США. Закон, признанный им неконституционным, не отменяется, но применяться не может.
На практике
Верховный суд США часто
The Supreme Court of the United States.
The Supreme Court is the highest organ of the judiciary of the United States. It includes a Chief Justice and Associate justices that are appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. As a court of original primary jurisdiction, it deals with the cases affecting public ministers and consuls and other cases in which a state is a party. In all other cases based on the Constitution, federal laws and international treaties concluded in the United States, the Supreme Court is the last appellate instance.
The activity of the Supreme Court, that is the main organ of constitutional control, is of great importance for the state laws. The question about the relevance of a given law can be raised by any court but only if it is based on a concrete civil or criminal case. The final decision in this case is made by Supreme Court of the United States. The law that is recognized by it as unconstitutional can’t be abolished nor can’t be used. In practice, the Supreme Court of the United States interprets the items of the Constitution rather unrestrictedly. Very often the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States interpret the items of the Constitution firmly but sometimes liberal decisions can be made in order to limit the arbitrariness of the authorities.
Судебная власть (2)
Судебная
власть возглавляется
Федеральной юрисдикции
Сегодня в Верховный суд
The Judiciary.
The Judiciary power of the United States are vested in the Supreme Court- the only court of the country which establishment is mentioned in the Constitution. Besides, the Congress has established 11 federal appellate courts and 91 district courts subordinated to them. The federal judges are appointed for life and can be removed from their office only by impeachment or court of the Congress. All the cases that are valid according to the Constitution, Laws and other treaties of the United States, as well as cases concerning foreigners, government and cases in which a federal government is a party are under the state jurisdiction. The cases that are under the jurisdiction of the states, usually are not treat by the federal court.
Nowadays, the Supreme Court includes a Chief Justice and eight associate justices. Apart from the several exceptions, all cases go to the Supreme Court either by appeal from the lower instances- federal courts or by state courts. The majority of such cases are about the disagreements in the interpretation of the law and codes of law. In practice, the most important function of the Supreme Court is to verify that the activities of the legislative and executive branches are conformed to the Constitution. This kind of right of the juridical control was defined not by the Constitution but by Supreme Court itself by analyzing its constitutional role while dealing with the case “Merbery against Madison” in 1803, that was the starting point in this aspect of the activity.
В качестве
суда первой инстанции Верховны
На практике рассмотрение
Еще
по трем категориям дел
Значительно более широкий
Первой из них является
Второй процедурой, в соответствии
с которой дело может быть
рассмотрено Верховным Судом
США, является истребование
Третьим способом, позволяющим так или иначе вовлечь Верховный Суд США в рассмотрение дела является использование процедуры «сертификации»(certification). Смысл ее заключается в том, что нижестоящий суд обращается к вышестоящему «за справкой» - с просьбой высказать свое мнение по правовому вопросу, обычно достаточно сложному, возникшему в ходе производства по конкретному делу. По отношению к федеральному апелляционному суду такой вышестоящей организацией является Верховный Суд США, и именно к нему может быть обращена просьба о своеобразной консультации.