Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 27 Сентября 2013 в 05:55, шпаргалка
London
The capital city of England and the United Kingdom lies on the River Thames, which winds through the city. Its many bridges are a famous sight. The oldest is London Bridge, originally made of wood but rebuilt in stone in 1217. The most distinctive is Tower Bridge, which was designated to blend in with the nearby Tower of London.
Конституция США (1)
В целях
упрочения независимости и
Эта Конституция
создала федеральную систему
с сильным центральным
Представители
различных штатов отмечали, что
Конституция не содержит
For the purpose of independence fortification and forming strong central government with enough powers to solve the nationwide importance challenges, it was decided to summon the Constitutional Convention under the presidentship of George Washington in May 1787 in the Philadelphia to generate plan of co-ordinate action of Associates of former British colonies declared themselves independent states. The delegations from 12 of 13 states (Rhode Island - the smallest state – refused to participate) came to the city where the Declaration of Independence was signed. In the process of heady discussion of different conceptual approaches to the central government form the delegates of Convention drew up a relatively brief but very deep meaning document called “The Constitution of the USA”. This Constitution set up a federal system with a strong central government. A federal system means one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts with some rights reserved to each. A Constitution provided the elections of a national leader, or President. It provided that federal laws would be made only by a Congress consisting of representatives elected by the people. The Constitution also set up a national court system headed by a Supreme Court. Representatives of many states noted that the Constitution didn’t contain guarantees of certain basic freedoms, individual rights and civil liberties. And while the delegates of Convention didn’t feel necessary to include such guarantees in the Constitution, the public insisted on such written guarantees against tyranny. Hence the “Bill of Rights” was added to the Constitution. The Constitution came into force in March of 1798. Bill of the Rights consisting of 10 amendments, called amendments to the Constitution, was added to it in 1791. Meanwhile, the other amendments to the Constitution were adopted – nowadays it’s about 16. But the political system created by the Constitution and the Bill of Rights is basically the same today as it was in 1790. The Process that had been changing the world during last 200 years require to refer to Constitution as vivid creative document open to scientists and lawyers’ interpretation whose vocation is to adjust its statements with the factors which was impossible to predict when it was created.
Конституция США (2)
В процессе
работы конвента делегаты
In the course of the Convention the delegates created a new form of government for the USA. The plan of it was simply stated in the document named “The Constitution of the USA”. This Constitution set up a federal system with a strong central government. A federal system means one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts with some rights reserved to each. A Constitution provided the elections of a national leader, or President. It provided that federal laws would be made only by a Congress consisting of representatives elected by the people. The Constitution also set up a national court system headed by a Supreme Court. The delegates developed 3 branches form of government: executive, legislative and judicial. Each branch has its own power and enable to stand against another restricting its harmful activity. The Constitution also determines the powers, given to a Federal overnment and the powers of sate government. The states was entitled to handle domestic business at discretion upon condition of observance of the democratic government principles. For the purpose of emphasizing democratic nature of the Constitution, it started from preamble clearly expressing who set up the form of government: “We, the people of the US”, and for what: “in order to promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to our selves and our osterity”. Representatives of many states noted that the Constitution didn’t contain guarantees of certain basic freedoms, individual rights and civil liberties. And while the delegates of Convention didn’t feel necessary to include such guarantees in the Constitution, the public insisted on such written guarantees against tyranny. Hence the “Bill of Rights” was added to the Constitution.
The Constitution came into force in March of 1798. Bill of the Rights consisting of 10 amendments, called amendments to the Constitution, was added to it in 1791. Meanwhile, the other amendments to the Constitution were adopted – nowadays it’s about 16. But the political system created by the Constitution and the Bill of Rights is basically the same today as it was in 1790. The Process that had been changing the world during last 200 years require to refer to Constitution as vivid creative document open to scientists and lawyers’ interpretation whose vocation is to adjust its statements with the factors which was impossible to predict when it was created.