Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 27 Сентября 2013 в 05:55, шпаргалка
London
The capital city of England and the United Kingdom lies on the River Thames, which winds through the city. Its many bridges are a famous sight. The oldest is London Bridge, originally made of wood but rebuilt in stone in 1217. The most distinctive is Tower Bridge, which was designated to blend in with the nearby Tower of London.
Законодательная власть
1
Законодательная
власть, т.е. принятие основных
законов и поправок к
Выборы в Сенат проходят каждые два года, причем каждый раз обновляется одна треть сенаторов. Сенаторы избираются прямыми выборами без посредничества выборщиков. Каждый из сенаторов избирается на шестилетний срок и может переизбираться много раз. Поэтому общий срок нахождения на посту сенатора, в отличие от поста президента неограничен.
Выборы в Палату представителей также проходят без посредников и бывают раз в два года, но переизбираются при этом все конгрессмены, поскольку срок их полномочий составляет не шесть лет, как в Сенате, а всего два года. Впрочем, конгрессмены также могут переизбираться неограниченное количество раз.
THE LEGISLATIVE Branch. Text 1.
The legislative branch of the government, which is doing the enactment of the bills and amendments to the Constitution of the United States, is vested in a Congress of the United States.
The Congress of the United States consists of two chambers ( or a bicameral legislature), which are a Senate and the House of Representatives. There are 435 congressmen in a House of Representatives; each state is entitled to at least one representative according to its population. The more people leave in the state, the more number of seats each state has in the House.( California is the most populated state- it means that it has the most vast number of representatives). Each state is entitled to be represented in the Senate by two senators, without regard to density of population. So, nowadays, there are 100 people in the Senate, though this number can be changed with the changing of the number of States. The bill is considered to be enacted if two chambers have voted for it. This system provides the observance of the interests of both the country itself and the separate states.
The elections in the Senate are held twice a year, besides, each time one third of the senators is changed. The senators are elected by the direct voting without mediation of the electors.
Each senator is elected for 6 years and can be re- elected plenty of times. That’s why the total period of holding an office by a senator is not limited, as it is in the case with the president.
The elections to a House of Representatives are held also without intermediation, they are held once in two years, but all the congressmen are re-elected here, because their term of office not 6 years as it is in the Senate but 2 years only. But congressmen also can stand for elections an unlimited number of times.
Законодательная власть
2
Законодательная власть
Палата представителей состоит из законодателей, избираемых на два года. Каждый член Палаты представляет округ своего родного штата. Количество округов в штате определяется на основе подсчета населения, проводимого каждые десять лет. Штаты с большей плотностью населения имеют больше округов и, соответственно, больше представителей, чем менее населенные штаты, некоторые из которых имеют в Палате лишь по одному представителю. Палата представителей Соединенных Штатов состоит из 435 представителей.
В Сенат входят законодатели, избираемые сроком на шесть лет. От каждого штата, независимо от количества населения, избирается два сенатора. Таким образом обеспечивается равное представительство малых штатов в одной из палат Конгресса. График выборов в Сенат построен так, что каждые два года переизбирается лишь одна треть сенаторов, благодаря чему после каждых выборов в составе Сената остается известное количество опытных деятелей.
Главной обязанностью
Конгресса является принятие
законов, в том числе и
THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH. TEXT 2.
The legislative branch is fulfilled by the representatives, elected from each state. It is the only one branch that is allowed to make the federal laws, levy taxes and appropriate money, declare war and put into operation the international treaties. The legislative branch is vested in a Congress of the United States, that is a bicameral legislature (or consisting of the two departments) called chambers.
The House of Representatives consists of lawmakers, elected for 2 years. Each member of the House represents his own state. The number of districts in the state is defined according to the number of the population which is carefully examined every 10 years. States with the dense population have more districts, and accordingly, more representatives, than less populated states which have only, for example, one representative in the House.
The House of Representatives of the United States consists of 435 representatives.
The Senate consists of the lawmakers that are elected for 6 years.
From each state, regardless of the number of population, two senators are elected. This way the equal representation of the small states is done in at least one chamber of the Congress. The schedule of the senate elections is built the way that every two years only one third of the senators stand for elections. Due to this after each election a good number of experienced senators are kept in the Senate.
The main function of the Congress is to make the laws, including laws concerning taxes due to which the operation of the Government is financed. The law making starts with the drawing a bill. Then a select committee examines it, comments and makes amendments in the chamber where it was drawn. Then they vote for it. If the bill is approved it is led to the other chamber, where the similar procedure is held. If the chambers make different decisions on the bill, the representatives of both chambers work on it together in the Conference Committee. The groups that are trying to convince the congressmen to vote for or against the bill are called the “lobbyists”. Having gone through the both chambers of the Congress the agreed bill is going for the president’s approval. Only after he has signed it the bill is becoming a law.