Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 27 Сентября 2013 в 05:55, шпаргалка
London
The capital city of England and the United Kingdom lies on the River Thames, which winds through the city. Its many bridges are a famous sight. The oldest is London Bridge, originally made of wood but rebuilt in stone in 1217. The most distinctive is Tower Bridge, which was designated to blend in with the nearby Tower of London.
КОНГРЕСС США ( 5 к.)
Роль
Конгресса в политической
Сессии Конгресса созываются раз в год и длятся фактически в течение многих месяцев. Как правило, обе палаты заседают одновременно, хотя Сенат может быть созван и отдельно. Чрезвычайную сессию созывает президент.
Основная
работа Конгресса происходит
в его многочисленных
Наиболее важным должностным лицом нижней палаты является спикер. Он руководит прениями, производит назначения во все специальные комитеты и в согласительный комитет, редактирует документы палаты и выносит много важных решений и постановлений, а также осуществляет ряд других функций, которые позволяет ему воздействовать на решения палаты. Считается, что спикер избирается каждые два года Палатой представителей, в качестве ее постоянного председателя. Фактически же Палата просто утверждает кандидатуру, выдвинутую кокусом (конференцией фракции) партии большинства.
В сенате постоянным председателем является вице-президент США, который избирается не палатой, а на президентских выборах. Члены верхней палаты выбирают временного председателя, вес и влияние которого в Сенате не так велики, как у спикера в Палате представителей. Поэтому наиболее важным лицом в Сенате является лидер партии большинства.
В помощь
партийным лидерам в обеих
палатах избираются так
КОНГРЕСС США ( 5 к.)
The role of the Congress in the political activity of the USA is very important. It’s the highest legislative branch of the country. The Congress consists of 2 branches – the House pf Representatives and the Senate. The membership of the House of Representatives is 435, and the Senate is 100 (2 members from each state). The Congress regards approval of federal budget and all expenses of the operation of the government as its most important prerogative. In principle, the Congress is able to delay, change or not to allow implementing of administration’s action which requires financial expenditures. Many congressmen stand for increase of the role of the Congress in building up the foreign and domestic policy of the USA.
Sessions of the Congress are convened once a year and continue, in fact, for months. As a rule, both Houses are in session simultaneously, although the Senate can be convened separately. It’s the President who convenes an extraordinary session.
The main work of the Congress takes place in its numerical committees and sub-committees. After the Congress have started its common legislative activity, all bills and resolutions are sent to one or another standing committee. In the House of Representatives it’s the Speaker who decides to what committee the bill to be sent for consideration, and in the Senate – Vice-President or President pro tempore. The Senate and the House, actually, pass recommendations of the committees without essential amendments. Committees of the Congress have an role. In fact, they predetermine the future of bills and issues which they consider. As President Wilson once noted: “The Congress being in session – is exposition for public , while committees are the Congress in operation (at work)”
The most important official of the Lower House is the Speaker. He
directs the discussions, make appointments to all special committees
and to conciliation committee, edit Chamber documents and makes many
important decisions and resolutions, as well as implementing a number
of other features that allows him to influence on the decision of the
House. It is believed that the
Speaker is elected every two years by the House of Representatives,
as its permanent chairman. In fact,
the House simply says the nomination caucuses (Conference fraction)
of the majority party.
In the Senate a permanent chairman is Vice-President who is elected
is not by the Chamber, and on the presidential election. Members
of the upper house chosen temporary chairman, the weight and influence
in the Senate are not as great as that of the Speaker of the House of
Representatives. Therefore, the
most important person in the Senate is the leader of the majority party.
To help party leaders in both
houses are elected by the so-called whips, or the organizers of the
party, and several of their assistants. The
task of the party organizer is to ensure that members of the party complied
with party discipline and voted accordingly with the decision of the
party leadership, and also attended at the meeting during the vote on
important issues. Party leaders
of Congress have more influence and a wide range of powers. They
work closely with the chairpersons of the standing committees, which
are always consult with them and together determine the fate of bills.