Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 27 Сентября 2013 в 05:55, шпаргалка
London
The capital city of England and the United Kingdom lies on the River Thames, which winds through the city. Its many bridges are a famous sight. The oldest is London Bridge, originally made of wood but rebuilt in stone in 1217. The most distinctive is Tower Bridge, which was designated to blend in with the nearby Tower of London.
«Краеугольным камнем правил
закона в Англии является
Обычный гражданин скорее
Истоки происхождения
мировых судей уходят далеко
в средние века, до того как
возникла правовая система (
Впоследствии
судьи передали часть своих
функций полиции, а вновь
The judges in England are independent. The ordinary citizens prefer to be stood magistrates’ trial than professional trial. The most part of British justice are performed by justices of the peace, who sits once or twice a week. Magistrates’ court is opposite of the high court – there is no wigs, gowns and professional lawyers.
Magistrates’ courts were created in 1361 in order to give few citizens of every county power to keep the peace and to punish offenders. For several centuries they performed a wide range of duties of local government and many of them were judges and MPs in the same time.
Then judges passed a part of their functions to the police and to the county councils, but their work increased because they began to trial divorce cases and juvenile offences.
Magistrates’ Courts
Impartiality of judges is a corner stone of English Law system. We can make real separation of powers just based on it.
An ordinary citizen will more likely stand under lay magistrates’ court rather then professional judge. The largest part of British judiciary is conducted by magistrates (unpaid JPs) who hold meeting only once a week or even 2 weeks. Magistrates’ Court is in absolute contrast with pompous High Court without all their wigs, gowns and frequently without even professional lawyers.
Sources of JPs can be traced to Middle Ages, to times before bureaucracy have been originated. They were established in 1361 year in order to empower 3-4 citizens of every County to judge and punish offenders. During some centuries they had been conducting the greater part of local government duties (as an instrument of monarchy, besides most of them were both judges and Parliament members simultaneously).
Later, judges conveyed part of their functions to police and newly formed County Courts put a function of local government on themselves. Their jurisdiction extended much, for they were given divorce suits and juvenile issues to be dealt.