Шпаргалка по "Английскому языку"

Правительство Великобритании

        Великобритания является парламентской  монархией, т.е. королевская власть  не является абсолютной, а конституционной.  Власть короны ограничена парламентом,  но эта власть является наследственной, а не выборной. В Англии широко распространена легенда, что монархия ‘безобидна’, что «король/королева царствует, но не управляет». Королевская власть осуществляется только через парламент и кабинет министров.

        Премьер-министр  – это лидер партии большинства  в Палате общин. Он формирует правительство и кабинет министров, полномочия которых длятся 5 лет до следующих выборов. Резиденция премьер-министра находится на Даунинг стрит,10. Власть кабинета министров контролируется парламентом.

        Кабинет министров  состоит из главных министров правительства: министра финансов, министра внутренних дел, министра иностранных дел, министра обороны, лорда-канцлера, лорда-хранителя печати, генерального казначея и ряда других. Кроме членов кабинета имеются просто министры, которые входят в состав правительства, но не кабинета, и по престижу значительно уступают своим коллегам. Кабинет играет ведущую роль в государственной и политической жизни страны. Именно кабинету министров, а не парламенту принадлежит реальная власть.

        Правящая партия стремится иметь стабильное абсолютное большинство в парламенте. В противном случае по предложению премьер-министра могут быть назначены досрочные выборы.

         Характерной  чертой английского политического  строя является двухпартийная  система. Развитие двух партий было результатом союза промышленной буржуазии (виги) и землевладельческой аристократии (тори). Парламентская реформа 1832 г., проведенная под давлением масс, привела к значительным изменениям. Изменилось классовое лицо партий, появились новые названия: консерваторы (тори) и либералы (виги). Эти две партии сменяли друг друга у руководства страной в течение почти столетия. Затем с 1923 г. лейбористы заняли место пережившей кризис либеральной партии и составили оппозицию консервативной партии.

        На парламентских выборах 1997 г. лейбористы нанесли сокрушительное поражение консерваторам и сформировали правительство, настроенное радикальным образом изменить конституцию страны. Это, в первую очередь, относится к парламенту страны: их намерения состоят в том, чтобы превратить верхнюю палату страны – Палату лордов – в выборный законодательный орган, отрядив туда «народных» лордов, избранных по жребию, аналогично системе выбора присяжных заседателей.

Government of Great Britain

Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy, i.e. the Crown is not absolute and constitutional. The authority of a crown is limited by parliament, but this authority is ancestral (inheritable), instead of elective. In England the legend is eurysynusic, that the monarchy is harmless, that the king/queen reigns, but doesn’t control (operate). The crown implements only through parliament and cabinet of ministers.

The prime minister is a leader of a crew of the majority in the House of Commons. He reshapes government and cabinet of ministers, the authorities of which last 5 years before following selection. The residence of the prime Minister is on Dawning street, 10. The authority of a cabinet of ministers is controlled by Parliament.

The cabinet of ministers consists of the main ministers of government: the minister of the finance, minister of internal affairs, minister of foreign affairs, minister of a defense, lord-chancellor, Lord Privy Seal, Paymaster General and number others. Except for the members of a cabinet there are simply ministers, which enter in a composition of a government, but not of a cabinet, and are inferior to the colleagues. The cabinet plays a leading role in state and political life of the country. The cabinet of ministers, instead of parliament, possesses an actual authority.

The party in power aims to have stable absolute majority in Parliament. Otherwise under the proposal of the prime minister the early elections can be assigned.

Characteristic of English political formation is the bipartisan system. The development of two crews was outcome of union industrial bourgeoisie (Whigs) and landowning aristocracy (Tory). The parliamentary reform of 1832 conducted under pressure of mass, has resulted in considerable changes. The class face of parties had changed, the new titles had appeared: conservative (Tory) and liberals (Whigs). These two parties replaced one another for a management (manual) of country within almost a century. Then since 1923 the Labourists have taken a place of the Liberal party, which has survived crisis and have compounded opposition of conservative party.

On parliamentary elections of 1997 the Labour party has defeated conservatives also has formed government, which looked forward change radically the constitution of the country. First of all, it refers to parliament of the country: their intentions are to transform the Upper house of Parliament – House of Lords – into elected legislative body, and assign there national Lords selected on a lot, in much the same way to the selection of the jurymen.

GB Government

   The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, which means that king’s powers are limited by the constitution. The power of crown is limited by the parliament, but this power is inherited, not elected. There is one known legend in GB telling that “Monarchy is inoffensive”, that king or queen reigns but doesn’t rule: The king power acts only under the parliament and the cabinet.

   The Prime Minister is a leader of Majority Party in the House of Commons. He forms the government and the cabinet of ministers whose powers last 5 years till the next elections. The Prime Minister’s residency is at Downing Street 10. The Parliament controls the Cabinet.

   The Cabinet consists of the main departmental ministers such as the Lord Chancellor, the Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary, Defense Secretary, Lord Privy Seal and so on. Besides the members of the cabinet there are non-departmental ministers who are the government members, but not of the cabinet and are second by prestige among their colleagues. The cabinet plays main role in the state and political life of the country. Exactly the cabinet, not the parliament, possess the real power.

   The ruling party tries to have an absolute majority in the parliament. Otherwise so called by-election may be a help under the proposal of the Prime Minister.

   A typical feature of the English political formation is a “two party” system. The development of two parties was the result of the unity of industrial bourgeoisie (Whigs) and landlord aristocracy (Tories). The parliament reform of 1832 held under the pressure of masses had led to significant changes. The class face of the parties had been changed and each other for hundred years. Then in 1923 the Labor party had taken the place of the Liberals who had passed the crisis and became the opposition of the Conservative party.

   At the parliamentary election held in 1997 the Labor party defeated conservatives and formed the government aimed to change radically the constitution. This is relevant to the Parliament of the GB – their intentions are to turn the upper chambers (The House of Lords) into elective legislative body with “national” lords to be elected by lot as it is for juries.