Шпаргалка по "Английскому языку"

1. Sightseeing. Getting around    town

            Nowadays the system of public transportation is very advanced and continues to improve for faster and more comfortable traveling. For example, creation of the underground has resolved to some extent such a serious problem as lasting many hours traffic jam. In some countries people still prefer more simplified kind of vehicle. In China, for example, it is a bicycle. Because many poor people just can’t afford to go by paid-transport. When u arrive in a new city for sightseeing or smth. Else, u may across some difficulties concerning public vehicles, especially abroad.

          In big cities u will find subway systems which are generally extremely noisy and crowded during morning and evening rush hours, but u can get almost everywhere relatively quickly on a subway. Before taking the train at the subway station u should buy a token, then deposit it in a slot so u can push the turnstile to gain entrance to the area where the train stops. In some countries, having bought a token at the subway, u can use it for fare by bus.

           Having arrived in a big city for sightseeing, sometimes it would be very difficult to get your bearings with the map of the city.

              London is a busy            commercial and cultural center. Many important financial organizations, including the Bank of England and the Stock Exchange, are located in the area called the City. Part of the old port in east London has been redeveloped as a business center, called Docklands. In the West End there are theatres/ cinemas, museums and shops.(УД) Many people who work in London commute by train or bus from the suburbs because buying a house or flat near the centre is very expensive. Different parts of the city are linked by the famous red London buses, black taxi cabs and the London Underground, often called the Tube.

        People from all over the world have been attracted to London and it is now a cosmopolitan, multicultural city. People from other parts of Britain sometimes think that it is very noisy and dirty. Many go there only for the bright lights – the theatres round Shaftesbury Avenue or the shops of Oxford Street. Others take their children to see the sights, such as Buckingham Palace, where the Queen lives, and the clock tower from which Big Ben sounds the hours. Young people are attracted to the bars and comedy clubs of Covent Garden, to live music concerts, and to the stalls of Camden market. In the year 2000 many people visited the Millennium Dome.

1. Sightseeing. Getting around town.

New York is the largest city in the United States and one of the largest in the world. It is situated in the natural harbour of the mouth of the Hudson River. Forty years later the English fleet entered the harbour, captured the city and renamed it New York. There five boroughs in New York: Brooklyn, the Bronx, Manhattan, Queens and Richmond. Only one of them, Bronx  is not on an island. All districts of New York are linked together by numerous bridges. Manhattan, the smallest island in New York, is the real center of the city. When people say “New York City” they usually mean Manhattan. The “big Apple”, as New York city is nicknamed, has an energy that few other cities can equal. John Kennedy Airport is one of the busiest in the world. More ships come into New York’s harbour  than into any other port in the world. New York is the national leader in business, finance, manufacturing, fashion and the arts.  New York city has extensive transport network: the subway, buses( city buses, express buses and some other), ferries, suburban trains, taxis. NY subway is the speediest means of transportation. train of different routs may go past one and the same station. The route of every train given in numbers or letters, its didtination and its type(express or local) are indicated on all the cars. Unlike local, express trains stop only at the main station. So befor getting on the train, chack the sign on the car to make sure that this is the route you want. Youe can get a free subway map at any token booth. The fare on NY subway in the same no matter how far you travel. To gain access to the train tokens are required. Buy them at boths in the subway station and insert them in a slot at the turnstiles. NY city buses run frequently stopping about every two blocks. At every stop there are route maps and bus schedules. It's advisable to pay attention to the sing on the side of the bus. Experss buses have the letter X befor the route number. The fare there is higher. Be sure to have exact change for the fare or a busway token, as bills are not accepted. Ask for atransfer ticken, if you need one, when you board the bus. Most bus routs operate 24 hours a day, but some don't run late at night or on Sunday. Free bus maps are also available at main bus station. There are several ferries operating in greater NY. It passes by the famous Atatue of Liberty. The ferry fare is much laver than on any other means of transportation.

2. Traveling by air

Modern life is impossible without traveling. Thousands of people travel every day either on business or for pleasure. They can travel by railway, by sea and by train.

Traveling by train is slower than by plane, but it has its advantages. U can see much more interesting places of the country u are traveling through. Modern trains have very comfortable seats. There are also sleeping cars and dining cars, which make even the longest journey enjoyable. Speed, comfort and safety are the main advantages of trains and plains. That is why many people prefer them to all other means.

Traveling by air is more comfortable, more convenient and, of course, far quicker than any other method.

Nowadays the airlines of the world offer many varieties of services in many different kinds of aircraft. Transcontinental and transoceanic flights are made in giant jet planes, some of which can carry several hundred passengers on each flight.

Airline passenger service can also be divided into scheduled and nonscheduled flights. A scheduled flights leaves at the same time on the same day to the same destination. Many scheduled flights often carry only a small number of passengers. A nonscheduled one depends on the availability of passengers and aircraft. It is more or less the air version of taxi. It takes passengers where they want to go at a time that is convenient for them.

On the flight itself, there is a difference between first class and economy class or tourist class. The first class passenger has more space and receives more in-flight service.

2.Travelling.

The scientific and technological progress of the 21-th century has allowed people to overcome time and distance, to cover in the twinkle of an eye the vast expanse of our planet.  The whole world is open now. And now modern life is impossible without travelling. To understand how true this is, you only have to go to a railway station, a port or a airport, where you can see hundreds people hurrying to catch a train, a ship, or a plane.

Of course the fastest way of travelling is by plane. The airliners of the world offer many varieties of services in many different kinds of aircrafts. Transcontinental and transoceanic flights are made in giant jet planes, some of which can carry several hundred passengers on each flight. Smaller jets are commonly used on the shorter routs. Airline passenger service can be divided into scheduled and non-scheduled flights. A scheduled flight leaves at the same time on the same day to the same destination. The schedule for the flight is published by the airline in its timetable. The passenger can make a reservation in advance for a scheduled flight with the reasonable expectation that the flight will leave at a certain time and go to a certain place regardless of the number of passengers who have tickets for the flight. A non-scheduled flight on the other hand, depends on the availability of passengers and aircraft. On the flight itself, there is usually a distinction between first class and economy, which are formerly known as tourist class. Today the airlines carry millions of passenger every year. In some areas of the world air service is the only effective means of public transportation.

Some people who are not sea-sick prefer to travel by ship when possible. There are large lines, holiday ships and river boats on board which you can book a cabin and visit different countries or ports of your own country. Ships are not so fast as planes, but a sea voyage is a very pleasant way of spending holiday. In the evening you can seat in arm chairs on the promenade deck and breath the sea air. In the day time you can sunbathe on the sundeck.

Travelling by train is slower than by plain of cause, but it also has his advantages. You can see the country you are travelling through. Modern train have very comfortable seats (the upper and lower berths) in all passenger carriages and there are sleeping-cars and dining-cars which make even the longest journey enjoyable.

3.Tourism. Hotel.

     Nowadays people travel on business and as tourists much more than in the past. If u don’t want to be disappointed, it’s advisable to book accommodation beforehand by tel. or cable, particularly if u are visiting the city in summer.

Most hotels offer single room, double rooms or suits. Rooms in most of them are with all modern conveniences :air conditioning, a private bath room, tel., a video player and others. The service is usually quite satisfactory.

In the lobby of a hotel there is a registration, or front desk where guests check and out, pick up and deposit keys, and so on. The check-in procedure takes a few minutes. The guest is given a registration card to fill out: the name and address, the passport number for foreign nationals.  Service is supposed to begin at the door. The doorman is stationed at the entrance to the hotel and assists the guests in and out of taxis and cars, calls for cabs.

When u are through the formalities, u will get the key to your room and a pageboy (bellboy in Am.) will help u with your luggage and take u up to your room in a lift. He can also errands for u. For each service he will expect a tip.

If u want to have your suit pressed or dry-cleaned, your shirt ironed, or your laundry done, you should ring for the maid. In the lobby there are  a lot of offices: a booking office, post and telegraph offices, an information desk.

At the infor. Desk u can get to know about the departures and arrivals of trains and flights. In the booking office they can book for u seats at the theatre  or on the plane, or hotel accommodation in another city.

Bills a usually paid at weekly intervals, as it is more convenient for  the management. Besides cash, credit cards are universally accepted. Many hotels require their guests to produce a credit card when registering. The guests may also pay with traveler’s checks when checking out. The guests intending to leave the hotel should notify the clerk.

When leaving the hotel, it is customary to tip the attendance. The tip is always given with a word of thanks.

Hospitality is of greatest importance for a hotel.

3. Traveling and tourism. Hotel: amenities and facilities.

Travel & tourism today has become a larger giant in terms of employment, investment, output & value. The great tourism phenomenon as we witness today is a result of great waves of technology which have changed the social geography of the world since the late 19^th century. Today millions of people seem to enjoy the prospect of moving from one continent to another in a matter of hours. Traditionally considered a luxury, travel and tourism are now held to be normal, virtually indispensable part of lifestyle and consumption pattern of all but the lowest income groups of the population. The present day traveler comes from a wider social background and his tastes and desires are much more varied. A large number of people are now going abroad to participate in more exiting and exotic activities like mountaineering, water siding, trekking, underwater swimming and the like. There are a lot of good hotels in big cities. If you don't want to get disappointed, it is advisable to book accommodation beforehand by phone or Internet. Plenty of hotels advertise at airports. If you arrive by train or car, the best thing to do is look in the Yellow pages under Hotel, Motel or Lodging. Accommodation as well as rates vary from hotel to hotel. There are deluxe hotels, the most luxurious are more expensive. There are resort hotels used for entertainment or recreation. There are also a lot of motels which grew up with the development of highways in America. There are hotel chains, consisting of several hotels controlled by one company. In the lobby of a hotel there is a registration desk where guests check in and out, pick up & deposit keys. The guest is given a registration card to fill out: the name and address, the passport number for foreign nationals. The desk clerk enters the guest's room number, the room rate and the arrival and departure dates into the computer. When all formalities are over, the bellman shows the guests to their rooms and assists them with their baggage. Rooms in most of hotels are with all modem conveniences. You can take a single room, a double room or a suite, charges varying accordingly. If you want to have your suit pressed or dry-cleaned, your shirt ironed, or your laundry done, you should ring for the maid. In the lobby of hotel there are a lot of offices: a booking -office, post and telegraph offices, an information desk. At the information desk you can enquire about the departures and arrivals of flights, about phone numbers of private individuals. In the same building there are also restaurants, bars, cafeterias, beauty parlours, gyms and swimming-pools.  When leaving the hotel, it is customary to tip the attendants. The tip is always given with a word of thanks

3.Traveling and tourism. Hotels: Amenities and facilities.

According to figures complied by the World Travel & Tourism Council, the travel and tourism sector, with around 500 million customers each year, generates an annual gross output of about US$ 3,400 billion - about 10% of the world's total Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

In fact, travel & tourism today has become a larger giant in terms of employment, investment, output & value. The great tourism phenomenon as we witness today is a result of great waves of technology which have changed the social geography of the world since the late 19^th century. The rapid development of means of transport and communications has made the whole world practically on neighborhood and has made travel an easy affair. Today millions of people seem to enjoy the prospect of moving from one continent to another in a matter of hours.

Traditionally considered a luxury, travel and tourism are now held to be normal, virtually indispensable part of lifestyle and consumption pattern of all but the lowest income groups of the population. The present day traveler comes from a wider social background and his tastes and desires are much more varied. A large number of people are now going abroad to participate in more exiting and exotic activities like mountaineering, water siding, trekking, underwater swimming and the like.

There are a lot of good hotels in big cities. If you don't want to get disappointed, it is advisable to book accommodation beforehand by phone or Internet. Plenty of hotels advertise at airports. If you arrive by train or car, the best thing to do is look in the Yellow pages under Hotel, Motel or Lodging. Accommodation as well as rates vary from hotel to hotel. There are deluxe hotels, the most luxurious are more expensive. There are resort hotels used for entertainment or recreation. There are also a lot of motels which grew up with the development of highways in America. There are hotel chains, consisting of several hotels controlled by one company having its own trademark or logo.

In the lobby of a hotel there is a registration desk where guests check in and out, pick up & deposit keys. The check in procedure takes a few minutes. The guest is given a registration card to fill out: the name and address, the passport number for foreign nationals. The desk clerk enters the guest's room number, the room rate and the arrival and departure dates into the computer. When all formalities are over, the bellman shows the guests to their rooms and assists them with their baggage. You can also ask the hotel receptionist to give you a wake up call in the morning.

Rooms in most of hotels are with all modem conveniences: air conditioning, a private bathroom, a telephone, a TV set & video player. You can take a single room, a double room or a suite, charges varying accordingly. At the hotel you can get various services. If you want to have your suit pressed or dry-cleaned, your shirt ironed, or your laundry done, you should ring for the maid. You will always find soap, towels and linen in hotel and motel rooms.

In the lobby of hotel there are a lot of offices: a booking -office, post and telegraph offices, an information desk. At the information desk you can enquire about the departures and arrivals of flights, about phone numbers of private individuals. In the same building there are also restaurants, bars, cafeterias, beauty parlours, gyms and swimming-pools. Lots of hotels have special facilities for conventions - large and small meeting rooms, banquet rooms, PA (public address) systems.

When leaving the hotel, it is customary to tip the attendants. The safe rule to follow is from 10 to 15 % of the bill. The tip is always given with a word of thanks.

I like hotels which belong to Sofitel Hotel chain. I admire Sofitel Metropol Hanoi. This French colonial-style building has stood proudly in the heart of Hanoi since 1901. The hotel has a rich history and a century-long tradition of welcoming ambassadors, writers, heads of state and businessmen. There are 232 rooms and suites in this hotel. Guests can enjoy excellent French cuisine at the "Le Beaulieu" and refined Hanoi specialties at the "Spices Garden". There arc 3 bars & 5 function rooms, business center, swimming pool and fitness center.

Hospitality is of great importance for a hotel. Hospitality is not an abstraction - it is a clean room, a comfortable bed, a hot shower, a good meal, a courteous doorman and last but not least - a good profit.

4. Restaurant. Meals. Table   manners

       Americans and British people generally eat three meals a day though the names vary according to people's lifestyles and where they live.

        The first meal of the day is breakfast. The traditional full English breakfast served in many British hotels may include fruit juice, cereal, bacon and eggs, often with sausages and tomatoes, toast and marmalade, and tea or coffee. Few people have time to prepare a cooked breakfast at home and most have only cereal or muesli (AmE granola) and/or toast with tea or coffee. Others buy coffee and a pastry on their way to work.

The traditional American breakfast includes eggs, some kind of meat and toast. Eggs may be fried, 'over easy', 'over hard' or 'sunny side up', or boiled, poached or in an omelette. The meat may be bacon or sausage. People who do not have time for a large meal have toast or cereal and coffee. It is common for Americans to eat breakfast in a restaurant. On Saturday and Sunday many people eat brunch late in the morning. This consists of both breakfast and lunch dishes, including pancakes and waffles that are eaten with butter and maple syrup.

     Lunch, which is eaten any time after midday, is the main meal of the day for some British people, though people out at work may have only sandwiches. The main meal of the day for most people is the evening meal, called supper, tea or dinner. It is usually a cooked meal with meat or fish or a salad, followed by a sweet course. In the US the evening meal is called dinner. It is usually eaten around 6 or 6.30 p.m

   Many people also eat snacks between meals. Most have tea or coffee at mid-morning, often called coffee time or the coffee break. In Britain this is sometimes also called elevenses. In the afternoon most British people have a tea break.

   When eating at a table with other people, it is considered polite to keep your napkin  below the table on your lap, to chew with your mouth closed and not talk with food in your mouth, to keep your elbows off the table, and to eat fairly slowly. Many people do not smoke and visitors should ask permission before they smoke in somebody's house. Close friends are much less formal in each other's houses and may get their own drinks and help to clear away the meal.

It is also better to ask somebody to pass the salt, etc. rather than to reach across the table for it. When invited to a meal at somebody else's house people often take a bottle of wine or chocolates or flowers, as a gift.

4. At a restaurant. Meals. Table manners.

The usual meals in England are breakfast, lunch, tea, and dinner. Breakfast is generally a bigger meal than they have on the Continent, though some English people like a continental breakfast of rolls and butter and coffee. But the usual English breakfast is porridge or corn flakes with milk or cream and sugar, bacon, eggs and tea or coffee. For a change you can have a boiled egg, cold ham, or perhaps fish. They generally have lunch about one o’clock. At lunch time in a London cafe or restaurant one usually finds a mutton chop, or steak and chips, or cold meat, or perhaps fish with potatoes, salad and pickles, then a pudding or fruit to follow. Afternoon tea you can hardly call a meal, but for the leisured classes it’s a sociable sort of thing when people often come in for a chat with their cup of tea. But some people like to have the so-called “high tea” which is quite a substantial meal. They have it between 5 and 6 o’clock. It consists of ham or tongue and tomatoes and salad with strong tea, bread and butter, pineapple with cream or cake. In some houses dinner is the biggest meal of the day. Dinner time is around 7 o’clock in the evening. But in a great many English homes the midday meal is the chief one of the day while in the evening they have a much simple supper – an omelette, or sausage, sometimes bacon and eggs. When we speak about table manners we usually mean a list of do’s and don’t. Never stretch over the table for something you want, ask your neighbour to pass it. Take a slice of bread from the bread plate by hand, don’t harpoon your bread with a fork. Don’t bite it into the whole slice, break it off piece by piece. Never spoil your neighbour’s appetite by criticizing what he just happens to be eating.

When a dish is placed before you don’t eye it suspiciously as though it were the first time you had seen it, and don’t give the impression that you are about to sniff it. No matter how surprised you are take it all in your stride. The customary way to refuse a dish is by saying “No, thank you”. Don’t say “I don’t eat this stuff”, don’t make faces or noises to show that you don’t like it. In between courses don’t make bread-balls to while the time away and don’t play with the silver. Don’t lick your spoon. Sit facing the table, don’t sit sideways. Don’t use a spoon for what can be eaten with a fork. Cut your meat into small pieces and cut one piece at a time. Don’t put your elbows on the table. Don’t talk with your mouth full. And finally don’t forget to say “thank you”. And some words about restaurant. It's often necessary to make a reservation. Otherwise the restaurant you chose may be filled up. By the way don't expect to share a table with other parties. If you want to ask for a bill, which is usually called the check, signal the waiter with a raised hand. As the charge for service isn't included in restaurant check, everyone from waiters to porters anticipate tips. The amount the client give should take into account the quality of service he receive. Now, many restaurant pass menues in the window so you can see the prices before you enter . If they don't, it's acceptable to enter the restaurant and ask for a menu before you sit dawn. If it's too expensive to you, it's OK to leave. If you don't eat all your food, you may ask for a "doggie bag". The waiter will put your uneaten food and you can take it home. You shouldn't do it at an expensive first class restaurant, of cause.