Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 27 Сентября 2013 в 05:55, шпаргалка
London
The capital city of England and the United Kingdom lies on the River Thames, which winds through the city. Its many bridges are a famous sight. The oldest is London Bridge, originally made of wood but rebuilt in stone in 1217. The most distinctive is Tower Bridge, which was designated to blend in with the nearby Tower of London.
Окружные апелляционные суды США (Circuit courts of appeals)
В 1891 г., чтобы
разгрузить Верховный суд США,
были созданы окружные
В 1911 г. окружные
апелляционные суды
12 апелляционных судов – по одному в каждом округе – являются судами второй инстанции и пересматривают решения районных судов и ряда федеральных административных органов.
На вершине
федеральной системы –
Являясь частью
этой трехзвенной системы, но
находясь несколько в стороне,
действуют созданные в разное
время различные
Особое место
в федеральной судебной
Circuit courts of appeals
The Circuit courts of appeals reviewing judgements of the District courts were organized in order to relieve the Supreme Court of the accumulation of cases in 1891. The number of circuits was brought to 11 (nowadays 12) and some changes were made in the order of taking cases to trial by the U.S. Supreme court.
In 1911 the circuit courts of appeals were reorganized. Their functions were adjusted to their name – they became only an appeals instance and Federal system in general has taken its present form: there is at least one District court being the court of original jurisdiction in each state (including the District of Columbia).
12 courts of appeals (one court in every district) are courts of appellate jurisdiction, they review judgements of the District courts and some federal administrative authorities.
The U.S. Supreme Court which has original jurisdiction in extremely limited number of cases, final jurisdiction in appellate cases and, at last, is the highest judicial authority in the USA fulfilling a function of judicial review hence having a right to vindicate the case from each inferior court and take it to trial is at the top of the Federal system.
Organized in different time special courts (the Court of Claims, the Tax Court, the Court of Customs) and some non-judicial authorities, such as the Federal Trade Commission, are parts of this three-layer system, but they stand slightly apart.
District courts of so-called U.S. territories: Panama Canal Zone, Guam, the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico take special place in the federal court system. These territories are not included in the union at the rights of the state but from the formal point of view they are integral part of it.