Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 27 Сентября 2013 в 05:55, шпаргалка
London
The capital city of England and the United Kingdom lies on the River Thames, which winds through the city. Its many bridges are a famous sight. The oldest is London Bridge, originally made of wood but rebuilt in stone in 1217. The most distinctive is Tower Bridge, which was designated to blend in with the nearby Tower of London.
Английская Конституция (1)
В Англии, в
отличие от большинства других
европейских стран, нет
Составными
частями английской
Английские
правоведы пытаются объяснить
отсутствие фиксированной
English Constitution (1)
In England, differ from many other European countries. There is no constitution made as the single main law of the country. The English Constitution is a set of customs, precedents, traditions and laws established through many centuries. Thus, the English Constitution can be spoken about only conditionally.
Components of the English Constitution are the constitutional customs and advisory norms (the options of authoritative lawyers) having almost the same force, as well as the constitutional customs.
English jurists try to explain the absence of the fixed constitution by that in England the principles of parliamentary leadership and civil law have already been completely carried out. Actually, the absence of the constitution enables the ruling party interpret rights and duties of citizens as how it counts it rational and favorable at present time, filling the old form (customs, traditions, conventions, etc.) with the new maintenance.
Конституция Великобритании (2)
Британская Конституция –
Статутом в Великобритании принято называть законодательный акт, принятый или одобренный в соответствии с установленной процедурой палатами Парламента и подписанный главою государства. Поэтому совокупность норм, установленных статутами, получила наименование статутного права. Естественно, что нормы статутного права – это нормы не только государственного права, но и других отраслей права – уголовного, гражданского и т.д. К статутам, имеющим конституционное значение, британские государствоведы обычно относят Билль о правах (1689 г.), Закон о престолонаследии (1701 г.), Законы о парламенте (1911 г. и 1949 г.) и др. К конституционным документам относят также Великую хартию вольностей (1215 г.).
Судебные прецеденты стали источником права в Англии еще в эпоху раннего феодализма: начиная с ХШ в. сложилась система судебных прецедентов, получившая название «общего права», а начиная с XV в. – еще одна система судебных прецедентов, получившая название «права справедливости». После судебной реформы 70-х годов XIX в. в компетенцию общих судов было включено применение как норм «общего права», так и норм «права справедливости». Таким образом появилось единое прецедентное право, рамки которого были к тому же расширены за счет прецедентов, содержащих толкование статутов.
В состав неписаной британской Конституции включаются, разумеется, не все нормы прецедентного права, а только те, которыми регулируются важные вопросы государственного права.
British Constitution (2)
British Constitution is unwritten constitution. The Act which should be officially enacted as the main law (Constitution) in Great Britain does not exist. The unwritten constitution consists of three categories: 1) norms of the statute law, 2) norms of the case law, 3) norms of the constitutional customs.
The statute in Great Britain is called the act enacted or approved according to the established procedure by chambers of the Parliament and signed by the head of the government. Therefore, a set of statute norms has been called the statute law. Naturally, the norms of the statute law are not only norms of the state law, but also norms of other branches of the law – criminal, civil, etc. British governmental specialists attribute the statutes of the constitutional importance to the Bill of Rights (1689), the Act of Settlement (1701), the Parliament Acts (1911 and 1949), etc. Magna Carta (1215) is also the constitutional document.
Judicial precedents have become a source of the law since an era of early feudalism: since 13 century there was a system of judicial precedents called “the common law”, and since 15 century – another system of judicial precedents called “Equity”. After the judicial reform of 70th years of 19 century the competence of general courts has included the using of the common law and equity. Thus, a uniform case law has appeared. Its frameworks have been extended by the precedents containing the interpretation of the statute.
The unwritten British Constitution includes, certainly, not all norms of the case law, but only those by which the important questions of the state law are adjusted.
Constitution of the GB (2)
The Constitution of the UK is an area of uncodified law.
There is not any single Act having been formally enacted and proclaimed as the Constitution of the UK.
The unwritten Constitution is made of statute law, common law, Constitutional Conventions.
Statute is the legislation Act accepted and approved according to the established procedure by both Houses and signed by the Head of the State.
Therefore the set of rules established by statutes is called the statute law.
It’s natural that statutory rules are not just the set of constitutional law, but also criminal law and civil law.
According to the British politicians, statutes of the constitutional importance are: The Bill of Rights (1689), Act of Settlement (1701), Parliament Acts (of 1911 and 1949) Magna Carta (1215).
Judicial precedents became the source of the law in England even in the Earlier Feudalism.
By the 13 century the system of the judicial precedents called the common law has been established.
By the 15 century another system called the equity law has been established.
After the judicial reform in the seventies, 19th century the jurisdiction of the courts was expended by applying the common law and the equity law standards.
Thus the unified system of the case law, containing interpretation of statutes was established.
Конституция Великобритании (3)
Конституция – это свод правил,
предписаний, которые
Подавляющее большинство
государств имеют писаные
Источниками
Конституции Великобритании
Утверждение, что
Британская конституция не
В соответствии
с этим в Великобритании
Constitution of the GB (3)
A Constitution is a set of rules which define the relationship between the various organs of government and between the government and citizens of a country.
Its purpose is to set parameters of government power and the right and duties of citizens.
The overall majority of countries have the written constitution.
But there is not the written constitution in the UK. But the statement that the British Constitution is not written doesn’t mean that there is not any constitution at all.
The Constitution of the UK is set of customs and conventions which in sum with several laws regulate the work of the parts of executive system in the UK.
But those laws, containing the norms of the constitution nature don’t have special status and can be replaced by the same procedure as the common Acts.
The Bill of Rights is valid (remains in force) at present.
The Constitution of the GB is made up of statutes, judicial precedents, Constitutional Conventions and doctrines.
The British Constitution is flexible.
Its flexibility makes it responsive to political and social changes in present-day life.
Unwritten constitution can be simply changed since Parliament as the supreme legislative body can change any law at any time by simple Act and without any special procedure.
The statement that the British Constitution is not written doesn’t mean that the British citizens possess no important constitutional documents; it merely means that the constitution is not embodied in any single document, or series of documents, containing essential constitutional laws.
Thus the British citizens have many enactments which either have been or still are, of great importance.
As a case in point we should mention: Magna Carta (1215), The Bill of Rights (1689), the Act of Settlement (1700) and the Parliament Acts (of 1911 and 1949).
Constitution of Great Britain (3)
Constitution is the set of rules, orders, definiting relations between different government’s bodies and between government and citizens of the country. It’s purpose is setting/definiting power o government, rights and duties of citizens.
The overwhelming majority of states have written constitution absents in Grest Britain but it is not mean that there is no constitution in Great Britain absolutely. Constitution of the UK consists of customs and conventions which provide the regulation of activity British system of administration. But these laws have not special statute and can’t be changed as common law. Bill of rights has power at the present time.
Sources of British constitution are statutes, court rules, constitutional conventions, doctrines. British constitution is flexible. Not written constitution can be changed easily as parliament can change any bill without special procedure at any time.
British constitution is not written in any single document, but it doesn’t mean that this country has not main constitutional documents. It means that constitution of GB is not a single document or series of documents, containing basic constitutional rights.
There are many legislative/normative acts, having constitutional importance, in GB. For example, Magna Carta, Bill of rights, Bill of heritage, Parliament’s acts.
Британская конституция (источники права) (4)
Источниками Конституции
Статутное право. Эту часть конституции образуют только статуты, т.е. акты, принятые в установленном порядке в идентичной редакции обеими палатами и санкционированные монархом.
Прецедентное право. Это совокупность судебных решений по конституционным вопросам, обязательных для судов при рассмотрении в будущем аналогичных дел. В системе прецедентного права принято выделять общее право и право справедливости. Выработанная разъездными королевскими судьями система норм и стала именоваться общим (т.е. единым для всей страны) правом. При рассмотрении дел судьи стремились следовать ранее вынесенным судебным решениям. Вместе с тем монарх всегда сохранял за собой право смягчения наиболее суровых судебных решений, ссылаясь при этом не на конкретные прецеденты, а на общие принципы права.
Обычное право играет в сфере британского конституционного права большую роль, нежели судебные прецеденты. Конституционные обычаи, именуемые также соглашениями, регулируют весьма важные вопросы государственной жизни. Конституционными соглашениями регулируются такие положения, как формирование Правительства лидером партии, победившей на парламентских выборах, процедуры созыва палат Парламента и роспуска Палаты общин.
Доктрины представляют собой опубликованные мнения именитых ученых по вопросам конституционного права. К ним относятся: «Трактат о законах Англии» Брэктона (1250), «Комментарии законов Англии» Блэкстона (1865), книгу «Английская конституция» Беджгота (1865) и др. Суды обращаются к доктринальным источникам в случаях, когда в праве имеется пробел из-за отсутствия статута, судебного прецедента или обычая, регулирующих определенные отношения.
British Constitution (sources of law) (4)
Sources of British constitution are statutes, judicial precedents, the constitutional customs (the constitutional agreements), doctrines. The British Constitution is rather flexible, because the Parliament of the country can make or cancel any law with the same case and by the same procedure.
Statute law. This part of Constitution is formed only by statutes, that is acts accepted in order if identical edition by both chambers and authorized by the monarch.
Case law. It is a set of judgments on the constitutional questions, obligatory for courts to hear analogical cases in the future. The system of the case law consists of the common law and equity. The system of norms made by royal judges has been called common law (that is, single law of all country). When the judges heard any case, they tried to follow to a previous case in which judgments had already been given. At the same time the monarch had the right of mitigation of the most severe judgments, referring not to concrete precedents, but to the common law.
The common law plays a great role in British constitutional law, rather than judicial precedents. The constitutional customs also called agreements regulate the most important questions of the state life. The constitutional agreements regulate such issues as the formation of the government by party leader which won parliamentary elections, the procedures of summons of chambers of the Parliament and dissolution of the House of Commons.
Doctrines are the published opinions of eminent scientists on questions of the constitutional law. They are: “The treaties about English Law” by Brecton (1250), the book “The English Constitution” by Bedgegot (1865), etc. Courts address to the doctrines in cases when there is a blank in the law because of the lack of statute, judicial precedent or custom regulating certain relations.