Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 27 Сентября 2013 в 05:55, шпаргалка
London
The capital city of England and the United Kingdom lies on the River Thames, which winds through the city. Its many bridges are a famous sight. The oldest is London Bridge, originally made of wood but rebuilt in stone in 1217. The most distinctive is Tower Bridge, which was designated to blend in with the nearby Tower of London.
The constitutional Monarch (6)
In 1952 when Princess Elizabeth was 25 years old, she came to the throne after the death of her father King George VI. Next year she was crowned and according to the Royal Titles Act of 1953 being given the title Her Most Excellent Majesty Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith).
What is Constitutional Monarch? Why it is become usual among countries, which were the part of British Empire to admit the Queen as the Head of British Commonwealth, in which they continue to consist at their own choice, although they declared themselves as independent republic? Does the Queen really rule? What is her role in political life? The Queen seems to participate directly in everything that concerns handling the United Kingdoms. She is the one of three parts of which the Parliament consists as the Legislative body: the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Monarch. No Parliament bill becomes effective without her Royal Assent. Prime-ministers of United Kingdoms who have failed at the general elections or lost the majority in the House of Commons give the petition about dismissal to the hand of Her Majesty. And then She offers to the leader of the won party to make his own government or take consultations about whom to charge it. Ambassadors are accredited in London not at any governmental department but at her court-yard in Saint-James (her former royal palace), and all honours are awarded by the Prime-Minister in Her name. All criminal prosecutions on indictment are brought in the name of the Crown.As Commander-in-Chief of the armed services she appoints officers, and as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England she makes appointments to its bishoprics and some other senior offices. Nominally she even appoints Universities professors to the appropriate posts. According the law the Monarch is the Head of executive and judiciary power and Commander-in-Chief of the armed services. The Monarch does not have powers, he has duties. For making these duties the Monarch should be the eternal symbol in United Kingdoms, binding past, present and future for people who democratically decide by elections who should posses real authority, rejecting one Prime-Minister with his party and voting for new and his party.
We should not forget that in the House of Commons any Prime-Minister deals with the Leader of opposition of Her Majesty. The monarch in the U.K is above politics. Politics come and leave, but hereditary Monarch won’t leave ever. Even death does not make vacuum with the preservation of the law of succession. The King is dead - The King long live!”
Конституционная Монархия и Парламент Британии (7)
Задолго до вступления на трон Елизаветы II, в ходе национального исторического развития, включавшего революцию и гражданскую войну, когда один король был обезглавлен, а другой изгнан во Францию, полномочия монархов перешли к их советникам. Ныне эти советники – т.е. Парламент – избираются голосами всех мужчин и женщин, достигших 18-летнего возраста. Когда, например, в ноябре в Вестминстере чтением королевы (Throne Speech) открывается очередная сессия Парламента, голос, объявляющий программу подлежащих обсуждению биллей, принадлежит королеве, тогда как слова принадлежат избранному правительству. И когда обе палаты Парламента принимают билли, ни один из них не может стать законом без заявления, произносимого согласно ритуалу на нормано-французском языке, о том, что она так постановляет, заявления, служащего напоминанием об остаточных исторических полномочиях отказать в своей санкции. Парадокс заключается в том, что монарх обладает не полномочиями, а обязанностями. Для отправления этих обязанностей монарх должен оставаться неподвижным центром в изменяющемся Соединенном Королевстве, символом непрерывности, связывающим прошедшее, настоящее и будущее для народа, который демократическим путем посредством выборов решает, кому должна принадлежать реальная власть, отвергая одного премьер-министра с его партией и голосуя за нового и его партию. Не следует забывать и того, что в Палате общин любой премьер-министр имеет дело с лидером оппозиции, который официально называется «лидером Оппозиции Ее Королевского Величества». Иными словами, монарх в Соединенном Королевстве поставлен выше политики. Политики, великие и малые, приходят и уходят; наследственный монарх, в отличие от избираемых по политическим соображениям президентов, остается. Даже смерть при сохранении наследственного принципа не создает вакуума. «Король умер – да здравствует король!»
Constitutional monarchy and the British Parliament (7)
Long before the accession to the throne Elizabeth II, during the national historical development included revolution and civil war when one king was decapitated, and another was expelled to France, powers of monarchs passed on (to) their advisers. Nowadays these advisers - i.e. Parliament - are elected by voting of all men and the women who have reached 18-years age. When, for example, in November in Westminster the Queen’s throne speech opens regular session of Parliament, the voice, declaring the program of bills which are subject to discussion, belongs to the Queen, whereas words belong to the selected government. And when both chambers of Parliament accept bills, any of them cannot become the law without the application, making (pronouncing) according to the ceremony in the Norman-French language, that she decides the application, serving by a reminder on residual historical powers, to give up in the sanction. Paradox is that the monarch has no powers but duties. To carry these duties out he must remain immovable centre in changeable Commonwealth, being the symbol of continuity, connecting the past, the present and the future for the nation, that decides who must gain the real power by voting against one Prime Minister and his party and voting for another one and his party during (by means of) democratic elections. However, it shouldn’t be forgotten that in the House of Commons any Prime Minister deals with the leader of opposition officially called: “Leader of Opposition of Her Most Excellent Majesty”. In other words, the monarch in the United Kingdom is above politics (or is superior to politics). Politics, great and small, come and go away; differing from elected or appointed by political interests presidents, the succeed monarch remains. Even death doesn’t create the vacuum provided only that the right to succeed (right of succession) exists. «The king is dead – long life the king!».
Конституционная Монархия и Парламент Британии (8)
В отличие от большинства других стран в Британии нет письменной конституции. Существующая парламентская система, которая беспрестанно развивалась, начиная с XIII в., основывается на множестве отдельных законов, прецедентов и обычаев. В принципе она состоит из трех элементов: монарх, Палата лордов и Палата общин. Первоначально обе палаты были подвластны монарху. На протяжении веков они становились все сильнее и влиятельнее, но процесс этот был неровным и временами весьма болезненным. Даже в наши дни постановление парламента не может стать законом без согласия монарха, правда, в таком согласии не было отказано ни разу с 1707 г. Роль монарха теперь практически сведена к чисто церемониальной: раз в год королева прибывает в парламент в парадной карете, запряженной лошадьми, и облачается в монаршее одеяние и корону, чтобы открыть новую сессию парламенту. Монархия – самый старинный светский институт Соединенного Королевства, и власть монарха является наследственной. Вместе с тем следует отметить, что в Британии королева царствует, но не управляет государством. Правительство Ее Величества правит страной от имени королевы, которая действует по совету своих министров. Королева созывает парламент, назначает перерыв в работе парламента, распускает парламент; она обычно открывает новые заседания парламента, выступая с тронной речью, в которой в общих чертах намечен основной курс правительства. Монарх должен дать королевскую санкцию, прежде чем законопроект, который прошел все стадии обсуждения в обеих палатах парламента, станет законодательным актом парламента. В качестве главы государства монарх имеет право подписывать международные соглашения, уступать или получать территорию и объявлять войну или заключать мир. Монарх присуждает почетные звания и назначает на все важные государственные должности, включая судей, офицеров в вооруженных силах, дипломатов.
Constitutional monarchy and the British Parliament (8)
The British constitution, unlike that of most other countries, is no written one. The existing parliamentary system which has incessantly (continually) developed since XIII century is based on set of separate laws, precedents and conventions (customs). Basically it consists of three elements – the Monarch, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Originally both chambers were subject to the monarch. During centuries they became stronger and more influential, but this process was rough (irregular) and from time to time rather painful. Even today the enactment of parliament cannot become the law without the Royal Assent, the truth, which has been never refused since 1707. The role of the monarch now is practically reduced (brought) to pure ceremonial one: yearly the Queen arrives to parliament in the smart horse carriage (in the carriage harnessed with horses – в карете запряженной лошадьми), and dresses monarchical attire and a crown to open new session of the parliament. The monarchy is the most ancient secular institute of the United Kingdom and authority of the monarch is hereditary. At the same time we have to mention that in Great Britain the Queen reigns but she doesn’t rule. The United Kingdom is governed by Her Majesty’s Government in the name of the Queen who acts on the advice of her ministers. The Queen summons prorogues and dissolves Parliament; normally she opens the new session of Parliament with a speech from the throne outlining her Government’s program. Before a Bill which has passed all its stages of discussion in both Houses of Parliament becomes a legal enactment it must receive the Royal Assent. As the symbolic head of the government the Queen has the power to conclude treaties, to declare war and to make peace, to annex and cede territory. The Queen awards various honorary titles and makes appointments to many important state offices, for instance (including), judges, army officers, members of the diplomatic orps.