Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 27 Сентября 2013 в 05:55, шпаргалка
London
The capital city of England and the United Kingdom lies on the River Thames, which winds through the city. Its many bridges are a famous sight. The oldest is London Bridge, originally made of wood but rebuilt in stone in 1217. The most distinctive is Tower Bridge, which was designated to blend in with the nearby Tower of London.
Galleria degli Ufizzi (Florence)
The art collection is located on the third floor of the stately building designed by Vasari. Commissioned by Francesco I de’ Medici (1541-87), it was intended to house the city’s principal magistracies and the family’s most prestigious works of art, to be displayed to the glory of the Medici and the city. In fact, it was possible to visit the collection only ten years after its constitution, some two centuries earlier than those in the possession of other European rulers.
The most precious part of the collection was housed in an octagonal room, known as the Tribuna, designed by Buontalenti, where it is still possible to see portraits of the family, including those of “Eleonora of Toledo with One of Her Sons”, as well as several small treasures like Rosso Fiorentino’s ‘Angel Playing Music’.
When he was made a cardinal, Francesco I’s brother, Ferdinando, bought a number of celebrated ancient statues on the antique market in Rome, including the ‘Medicean Venus’ and the group of the ‘Niobe’. Aware of the importance of the collection to the city, the last descendant of the Medici, Anna Maria Luisa, decided to link them forever: “for the ornament of the state, utility of the public, and to attract the curiosity of foreigners”, as the decree of the magnanimous princess put it.
In the 18th century, under Peter Leopold of Lorraine, the gallery was enriched and reorganized on the basis of a classification into schools typical of the Age of Enlightment. At that time, a number of masterpieces were added to the collection to fill the gaps left by missing schools. Nevertheless, the Uffizi remains the museum ‘par excellence’ of the Italian Renaissance.
Уффици –
одна из самых знаменитых
Здание галереи Уффици было
построено архитектором
На нижнем этаже можно видеть остатки романской церкви Сан Пьеро Скераджо (увидевшие свет в 1971 году благодаря археологическим работам). Здесь можно познакомиться с бесценными фресками Андреа дель Кастаньо. На втором этаже расположен Кабинет рисунков и гравюр, где представлена уникальная коллекция, начало которой было положено в XVII веке по инициативе кардинала Леопольдо Медичи. И на третьем этаже начинается бесконечный маршрут по величайшему музею мира. С 1737 года музей стал достоянием народа, после того как Анна Мария Людовика – последняя представительница семьи Медичи – передала его в дар городу. Галерея размещается в 45 залах, разделенных на секции.
The Prado
The idea of a national gallery to house the royal collections, made up essentially of Spanish works of art, but with some Italian and Flemish paintings as well, thanks to the purchases made on behalf of the Spanish rulers by the viceroys in those countries, emerged in the 18th century. We know this from a letter by the Czech painter Anton Mengs dated 1774, in which he also recommended that the “Gallery” be organized along rational lines. In 1810 Joseph Bonaparte decreed the creation of a museum, but it was not until 1814, with the restoration of Ferdinand VII, that the decision was taken to set up the National Palace of Painting, a neoclassical building situated on the central and popular Paseo del Prado. It was called the Royal Museum of the Prado and was opened to the public in 1819. When Queen IsabellaII went into exile in 1868, it was renamed the National Museum. The nucleus of the collection was assembled when Spain became a unitary state, at the end of the 15th century.
Isabella the Catholic was particularly fond of Flemish art, while Charles V (1516-56) enlarged the collection with works from various national schools. Among his many merits, perhaps the most important was that of having been Titian’s principal and most enthusiastic client. His son, Philip II (1556-98) continued to collect Titian’s works, having pictures like the ‘Venus and Adonis’ and the artist’s ‘Self-Portrait’ sent to Spain.
The Prado received new impetus in the 17th century, under Philip IV. In fact the king had the good fortune to acquire many of the masterpieces in the collection of Charles I of England and the wisdom to appoint one of the masters of Spanish art, Diego Velazkez, as a court painter. The Prado contains a rich collection of his works. It was Velazkez who was sent to Italy by the king to acquire Italian masterpieces.
At the end of the 18th century Francisco Goya was appointed court artist by Charles IV. Acquisitions continued right through the 19th century, thanks in part to Queen Isabella II, who left her estate to the country when she went into exile.
At the beginning of the next century work began on enlarging the museum structure to make room for the whole of the huge collection, amassed over centuries of enthusiastic collecting.
The chronologically arranged collection of Spanish painting ranges from 12th century Romanesque mural paintings to 19th century works by Goya. The ground floor has an outstanding collection of paintings by El Greco, which are displayed next to the section on Medieval and Renaissance painting. The central gallery on the main floor houses the Ribera and Murillo collections, while the basilican hall and adjoining rooms show the paintings by Velazquez and Golden Century artists. The collection ends with Goya, whose over one hundred paintings are distributed between this floor and the second one.
This section, housed in sixteen exhibition rooms, spans the period from the early Renaissance – Fra Angelico, Mantegna, Botticelli – to the 18th century – Tiepolo and Giaquinto. On the ground floor, the works by Raphael and, in particular, the Venetian School – Titian, Tintoretto, Veronese and Bassano – make up one of the Prado’s most compact collections.
The fact that Netherlands belonged to the Spanish crown explains the wealth of paintings of the Flemish school at the Prado. The collections of paintings by primitive artists – Weyden, Bouts, Memling – Bosch and other 16th century painters are displayed on the ground floor. The main floor houses the magnificent collection of 17th century Flemish painting, which includes works by Rubens, van Dyck and Brueghel, among many others.
Hispano-French relations during the 17th century and the acquisitions made by some Spanish monarchs, such as Philip IV and Philip V, form the basis of the Prado’s collection of French painting, which includes works by Poussin and Claude Lorrain on the main floor, and paintings by Ranc, van Loo and Watteau on the second floor.
Small in number but high in quality, the collection of German painting encompasses works from the 16th and 18th centuries. An exhibition room on the ground floor displays major works by Albrecht Durer, Lucas Cranach and Boldung Grien. Another room on the second floor is devoted to the neo-classical painter Anton-Raphael Mengs.
Brought from Italy between the 16th and 19th centuries, The Museum’s collection of over two hundred and twenty classical sculptures illustrates from Archaic Greek art to the Hellenic period and Roman world. Works by the Leonis, commissioned by Charles V and Philip II in the 16th century, complete the sculpture collection.
Музей Прадо – это одна из
самых полных картинных
Мировая живопись широко и полно представлена в Прадо, в особенности надо отметить 83 работы Рубенса, 40 работ Брегеля, 36 Тициана, 14 Веронезе, а также 6 картин и 50 рисунков Босха. Великая испанская живопись в Прадо представлена 50 работами Веласкеса, таким же количеством работ Риберы, 40 картинами Мурильо, 33 работами Эль Греко, а также 114 рисунками и полусотней полотен Гойи. Что касается мировой живописи, то здесь можно отметить избранные полотна испанской, итальянской, фламандской, французской, голландской и немецкой школ.
Первоначальный фонд
Однако необыкновенная
Постепенно и претерпев
Dresden
Museums in Zwinger
The Semper Gallery (Old Masters Gallery)
The Semper Gallery houses the Old Masters Gallery, which boasts one of the most extensive collections of European painting of the 15-18th centuries. August the Strong and his son Friedrich August II started the collection with purchases of major paintings by internationally renowned artists. They established the first gallery in 1722, and in 1747 it was exhibited in what is now the Johanneum. In 1855 the pictures were moved to the newly-built Art Gallery (in the Semper Gallery). In the following decades more major paintings were added to the collection. Today, now that the destruction of World War II has been repaired, the gallery once again houses masterpieces of the Italian Renaissance including Titian’s ‘Tax Penny’ (1516) and Raphael’s ’Sixtine Madonna’ (1512). Also on show are works by Flemish and Dutch masters, including Rembrandt’s ‘Self-Portrait with Saskia’ (1635-39) and van Delft’s At the Matchmaker’s’(1656). The important works on show by German painters include: The ‘St Catharine Altar’ by Lucas Cranach the Elder, the ‘Portrait of Charles de Solier’ by Hans Holbein the Younger, and Albrecht Durer’s ‘Seven Torments of Maria’ and ‘Portrait of Bernhard von Reesen’. Canaletto’s famous old Dresden cityscapes and the ‘Chocolate Girl’ by Jean Etienne Liotard are also on show at the Old Masters Gallery.
Masterpieces:
1.Jan van Eyck: ‘Flugelaltar’ (1437);
2.Albrecht Durer: ‘Maria, das Kind anbetend’(1496, tempera), ‘The Portrait of a Young Man’
(1521),
3.Joos van Cleve the Elder: ‘Anbentung der Konige’,
4.Lucas Cranach the Elder: ‘Die Geburt Christi’, ‘Der Katharinenaltar’, ‘The Portrait of Duke
Heinrichs des Frommen’(1514), ‘The Portrait of Duchess Katharina von Mecklenburg’,
5.Hans Holbein the Younger: ‘The Double Portrait of Sir Thomas Godsalve and his Son John’,
6.Cosimo Tura: ‘The Saint Sebastian’,
7.Antonella da Messina: ‘The Saint Sebastian’,
8.Pinturicchio; ‘The Portrait of a Boy’,
9.Francesco Cossa: ‘The Annunciation’,
10.Lorenzo Costa: ‘Reading Maria’,
11.Andrea Mantegna: ‘The Saint Family with Elisabeth and her Little Son Johannes’,
12.Lorenzo di Credi: ‘St Maria with her Child and with St Sebastian and John the Baptist’,
13.Sandro Botticelli: ‘Leben des heiligen Zenobius’, ‘St Maria with her Child and little
14.Raphael Santi: ‘The Sixtine Madonna’,
15.Giorgione: ‘Sleeping Venus’,
16.Titian: ‘Der Zinsgroschen’, ‘Maria mit dem Kinder und vier Heiligen’, ‘The Portrait of a
17.Veronese: ‘Die Hochzeit zu Cana’, ‘Die Madonna mit der Familie Cuccina’, ‘Die
Kreuztragung Christi’, ‘Die Anbetung der Konige’, ‘Der Hauptmann von
Capernaum vor Christus’, ‘Die Auffindung des Moses’, ‘Der Barmherzige
Samariter’, ‘The Portrait of Alessandro Contarini’;
18.Tintoretto: ‘Bildnis einer Dame in Trauer’, ‘The Double Portrait of an Old and a Young
Man’, ‘Musizierende Frauen’, ‘Die Rettung der Arsinoe’, ‘Der Kampf des
Erzengels Michael mit dem Satan in Gestalt eines Drachen’;
19.Correggio: ‘Die Heilige Nacht’, ‘Die Madonna des heiligen Georg’,
20.Parmigianino: ‘Maria mit dem Kind in der Gloria…’, ‘Die Madonna mit der Rose’,
21.Bartolomeo Veneto: ‘Salome mit der Haupte Johannes’ des Taufers’’
22.Peter Paul Rubens: ‘Das Urteil des Paris’, ‘Dianas Heimkehr von der Jagd Folgende
23.Antonius van Dyck: ‘Bildnis eines Herrn, der sich die Handschuhe anzieht’, ‘Bildnis eines
Geharnischten mit roter Armbinde’, ‘Bildnis eines schwarzgekleideten Herrn
vor einer Saule’, ‘Bildnis einer schwarzgekleideten Dame vor rotten Vorhang’,
24.Frans Hals: ‘Bildnis eines jungen Mannes in gelbgrauen Rock’,
25.Rembrandt: ‘Self-Portrait als Rohrdommeljager’, ‘Self-Portrait des Kunstlers mit seiner
jungen Frau Saskia’, ‘The Portrait of a Old man with Stock’, ‘A Portrait of a
Man with a Pearl on His Hat’; ‘Saskia with a Rose Flower’, ‘Ganymed in den
Fangen des Adlers’, ‘Simson, der an der Hochzeitstafel Ratsel aufgibt’, ‘Das
Opfer des Manoah’;
26.Jan Vermeer van Delft: ‘Bei der Kupplerin’, ‘Brieflesendes Madchen am offenen Fenster’;
27.Zurbaran: ‘Der Heilige Bonaventura im Gebet’,
28.Ribera: ,Die heilige Agnes im Gefangnis, die ein Engel mit einen Tuch bekleidet’, ‘Diogenes
mit der Laterne’;
29.Murillo: ,Maria mit dem Kinde’,
30.Diego Velazkez: ‘Bildnis eines Herrn, wahrscheinlich des koniglichen Oberjagermeisters
Juan Mateos’, ‘Bildnis eines alten Herrn mit goldener Kette und Ordenkreuz’;
31.Nicolas Poussin: ‘Das Reich der Flora’, ‘Die Aussetzung des Moses’, ‘Die Anbetung der
32.Antoine Watteau: ‘Das Liebesfest’, ‘Gesellige Unterhaltung im Freien’;
33.Claude Lorrain: ‘Kustenlandschaft mit Acis und Galathea’, ‘Landscape on the Flight to
34.Jean Etienne Liotard: ‘Graf Moritz von Sachsen, Marschall von Frankreich’, ‘The Chocolate
35.Canaletto: ‘Der Platz vor San Giacomo di Rialto in Venedig’,
Создание знаменитой Галереи было положено в начале XVI века саксонским курфюрстом Фридрихом Мудрым, который по обычаю своего времени покровительствовал художникам. Он пригласил к своему двору Лукаса Кранаха и давал заказы Альбрехту Дюреру, чьи полотна до сих пор являются украшением Дрезденской галереи.