Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 27 Сентября 2013 в 05:55, шпаргалка
London
The capital city of England and the United Kingdom lies on the River Thames, which winds through the city. Its many bridges are a famous sight. The oldest is London Bridge, originally made of wood but rebuilt in stone in 1217. The most distinctive is Tower Bridge, which was designated to blend in with the nearby Tower of London.
British constitution
The sources of Constitution of Great Britain are statutes, judicial precedents, constitutional customs (conventions), and doctrines. British Constitution is very flexible, because the Parliament can make and cancel any law very easy, by using the same procedure.
Statute law. This part of constitution is consists of only statutes, i.e. the acts accepted in established order by the same edition of both Houses and authorized by the monarch.
Case law. This is sum of judgments, concerning constitutional matters, which will be necessary for courts if the same cases happen again in the future. There are common law and equity law in the system of the Case law. The system of norms made by royal judges has become a common law. Judges tried to follow the judgments that have been made earlier. At the same time the Monarch could reserve the right of mitigation for the most severe judgments, pointing at not on the precedents but at general principals of the Law.
Common law plays a more important role in the sphere of British Constitution rather than judicial precedents. Constitutional customs, known as conventions, adjust very important matters of government, such as formation of the government by the leader of party who has won at parliamentary elections, procedures of summoning of the House of Parliament and dissolving of the House of Commons.
Doctrines are represented as published opinions of famous scientists of Constitutional Law. They includes "The Treatise about laws of England » Брэктона (1250), « Comments of laws of England » Блэкстона (1865), and «the English constitution» Беджгота (1865) etc. Courts use doctrines when they don’t have appropriate statute, judicial precedent, or convention.
Конституционный монарх (полномочия «короны»)(5)
Великобритания –
Монарх – это король/королева – глава государства и формально источник суверенной власти. Институт монарха часто обозначают термином «Корона». Полномочия монарха можно подразделить на две группы: прерогативные и статусные. Каждую осень очередную сессию Парламента открывает именно Королева, выступая на совместном заседании палат с подготовленной Правительством тронной речью. В ней излагается очередная программа Правительства. Прерогатива включает и право королевы распускать Палату общин. Королева назначает премьер-министра – лидера партии, имеющей большинство мест в Палате общин. Королеве принадлежит право назначения министров. Монарх назначает судей, ему принадлежит право амнистии и помилования. Монарх – главнокомандующий вооруженными силами: он назначает высших должностных лиц в вооруженных силах, присваивает звания офицерам армии и флота, награждает знаками отличия. Королеве принадлежит также право назначения дипломатических представителей, заключение международных договоров, объявления войны и заключения мира.
Согласно конституции королева беспристрастна в политике и действует с учетом рекомендаций своих министров, которые несут политическую ответственность за все ее действия.
Constitutional monarch (functions of “Crown”) (5)
Great Britain is parliament democracy. The official head of the State is the constitutional monarch – the Queen Elizabeth II.
The Monarch – king/queen is head of the state and source of Sovereign power formally. Institute of Monarch often called as the term “Crown”. Functions of Monarch can be divided into 2 groups: prerogative and statute. Each fall the Queen’s speech with which the Queen opens each session of Parliament and which contains an outline of the Government’s programme for the session, is prepared by the Government and read by the Queen. She also can dissolve the House of Common. Queen points the Prime Minister – being leader the party which has the majority in the House of Common. Queen has the power to appoint ministers, judges. Monarch can pardon or show mercy. Monarch is a commander-in-Chief of the armed services: he appoints officers, confers honors to the officers of the army and navy, awards by decorations. Queen has the power to appoint diplomatic representatives, conclude treaties, to declare war and to make piece.
According to the constitution the Queen is impartial in politics, (which means that her politics are those laid down by the Government) the Queen acts only on the advice of her ministers, who are politically responsible for what she does.
A constitutional monarchy (power of the monarch)(5)
The Great Britain is the parliamentary democracy with constitutional monarch - Queen Elizabeth II - in the head of the state. Political stability of the state in many respects is provided owing to (thanks to) a monarchy.
The monarch (a king or a queen) is the official head of the State and formally is the source of sovereign authority. The terms “Monarch” and “the Crown” are related. Powers of the monarch can be subdivided on two groups: prerogative and status. Every autumn regular session of Parliament is opened by the Queen who is acting (participating) on joint session of chambers with the throne speech prepared by the Government. In it the next program of the Government is stated. The royal prerogative also includes the right to dissolve the House of Commons. The Queen appoints the Prime Minister who is the leader of the political party which has a majority in the House of Commons. The Queen has a right to appoint government ministers. She appoints judges and has a right to show mercy or pardon. As Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces, she appoints officers and awards various titles and honors to the officers of army and fleet. The Queen also has a power to appoint diplomatic representatives, to conclude international treaties, to declare war and to make peace. The constitution requires the Queen to be impartial in politics and she can act only on the advice of her ministers who are politically responsible for what she does.
Конституционный монарх (6)
В 1952 г. после смерти своего отца, короля Георга VI, на трон вступила принцесса Елизавета. Ей было тогда 25 лет. На следующий год состоялась ее коронация – церемония эта насчитывает свыше тысячи лет – и парламентским актом ей был присвоен титул «Елизаветы II, милостью божьей Королевы Соединенного Королев- ства Великобритании и Северной Ирландии, а также других Ее королевств и территорий, Главы Британского Содружества Наций, Защитницы веры».
Что
же такое «конституционный
Случайному наблюдателю
покажется, что королева
Послы аккредитованы
в Лондоне не при каком-то
правительственном
Вместе с
тем следует отметить, что монарх
обладает не полномочиями, а обязанностями.
Для отправления этих
и его партию. Не следует забывать и того, что в Палате общин любой премьер-министр имеет дело с лидером оппозиции, который официально называется «лидером оппозиции Ее Королевского Величества». Иными словами, монарх в Соединенном Королевстве поставлен выше политики. Политики, великие и малые, приходят и уходят; наследственный монарх, в отличие от избираемых или назначаемых по политическим соображениям президентов, остается. Даже смерть при сохранении наследственного права не создает вакуума. «Король умер – да здравствует король»!
Constitutional Monarch (6)
In 1952, after death of her father king George VI, princess Elizabeth came to the throne. That time she was 25 years old. She was crowned the next year – this ceremony tatols over thousand years – and according to the parliamentary act has been given the title: “Her Most Excellent Majesty Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith”.
What means “constitutional monarchy”? Why among the countries formerly included in British Empire, became usual, after striving for independence and declaring itself republic, recognize, however, the Queen as a head of Commonwealth in which they continue to continue on their own will? Does the Queen rule in the common meaning of the world? Does she rule? What is her role in a political life?
To the casual observer it will seem that the Queen takes direct part in everything connected with the ruling of the UK. She is one of three parts of the parliament as the legislature body: the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the monarchy. None of laws passed by the Parliament do not become effective until the Queen gives her assent. The prime-ministers of the UK who defeated in general elections or had lost the majority in the elective House of commons, bring retirement suit to the Queen. And then the Queen offers the leader of the won party to form the government or consult about whom to charge it.
Ambassadors are accredited in London not at a government department, but at her household in Saint-James (former royal palace), and all the honours – titles and distinctions – are actually granted by the prime-minister in the name of the Queen. All criminal trials are conducted on behalf of the crown. The queen heads armed forces, and officers receive their officers’ patents from her. She is also the head of the established church of England and from her name archbishops and bishops are appointed. Nominally, she even appoints professors of the universities. According to the law, the monarch is the head of the executive, judiciary and commander-in-chief of all armed forces.
At the same time it is necessary to note, that the monarch possess not power, but duties. To exercise these duties the monarch should be a fixed center in the changing UK, the symbol of continually binding the past, the present and the future, for people who in the democratic way decide by election who should possess the real authority, rejecting one prime-minister with his party and voting for a new one with his party.
You should remember, that in the House of Commons any prime-minister deals with the leader of the opposition, who is officially recognized as “Her Majesty’s opposition’. In other words, the monarch of the UK is above politics. Politics come and leave, the hereditary monarch, who differs from elected and appointed from political considerations presidents, remains. Even the death during maintaining inheritance law, doesn’t create a vacuum. “King has died-long live the king”.
The constitutional Monarch
In 1952 when Princess Elizabeth was 25 years old, she came to the throne after the death of her father King George VI. Next year she was crowned and according to the Royal Titles Act of 1953 being given the title Her Most Excellent Majesty Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith).
What is Constitutional Monarch? Why it is become usual among countries, which were the part of British Empire to admit the Queen as the Head of British Commonwealth, in which they continue to consist at their own choice, although they declared themselves as independent republic? Does the Queen really rule? What is her role in political life?
The Queen seems to participate directly in everything that concerns handling the United Kingdoms. She is the one of three parts of which the Parliament consists as the Legislative body: the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Monarch. No Parliament bill becomes effective without her Royal Assent. Prime-ministers of United Kingdoms who have failed at the general elections or lost the majority in the House of Commons give the petition about dismissal to the hand of Her Majesty. And then She offers to the leader of the won party to make his own government or take consultations about whom to charge it.
Ambassadors are accredited in London not at any governmental department but at her court-yard in Saint-James (her former royal palace), and all honours are awarded by the Prime-Minister in Her name. All criminal prosecutions on indictment are brought in the name of the Crown.
As Commander-in-Chief of the armed services she appoints officers, and as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England she makes appointments to its bishoprics and some other senior offices. Nominally she even appoints Universities professors to the appropriate posts. According the law the Monarch is the Head of executive and judiciary power and Commander-in-Chief of the armed services.
The Monarch does not have powers, he has duties. For making these duties the Monarch should be the eternal symbol in United Kingdoms, binding past, present and future for people who democratically decide by elections who should posses real authority, rejecting one Prime-Minister with his party and voting for new and his party.
We should not forget that in the House of Commons any Prime-Minister deals with the Leader of opposition of Her Majesty. The monarch in the U.K is above politics. Politics come and leave, but hereditary Monarch won’t leave ever. Even death does not make vacuum with the preservation of the law of succession. The King is dead - The King long live!”
Конституционная Монархия и Парламент Британии (7)
Задолго до вступления на трон Елизаветы II, в ходе национального исторического развития, включавшего революцию и гражданскую войну, когда один король был обезглавлен, а другой изгнан во Францию, полномочия монархов перешли к их советникам. Ныне эти советники – т.е. Парламент – избираются голосами всех мужчин и женщин, достигших 18-летнего возраста.
Когда, например, в ноябре в Вестминстере чтением королевы (Throne Speech) открывается очередная сессия Парламента, голос, объявляющий программу подлежащих обсуждению биллей, принадлежит королеве, тогда как слова принадлежат избранному правительству. И когда обе палаты Парламента принимают билли, ни один из них не может стать законом без заявления, произносимого согласно ритуалу на нормано-французском языке, о том, что она так постановляет, заявления, служащего напоминанием об остаточных исторических полномочиях отказать в своей санкции.
Парадокс заключается в том,
что монарх обладает не полномо
Не следует забывать и того, что в Палате общин любой премьер-министр имеет дело с лидером оппозиции, который официально называется «лидером Оппозиции Ее Королевского Величества». Иными словами, монарх в Соединенном Королевстве поставлен выше политики.
Политики, великие и малые, приходят и уходят; наследственный монарх, в отличие от избираемых по политическим соображениям президентов, остается. Даже смерть при сохранении наследственного принципа не создает вакуума.
«Король умер – да здравствует король!»
Constitutional Monarchy and British Parliament (7)
Long before Queen Elizabeth II was crowned, during the national, historical development which included revolution and civil war, when one king was decapitated and another was expelled to France, powers of the monarchs passed to their counselors.