Шпаргалка по "Английскому языку"

4. Restaurant. Meals. Table Manners

We have 3 of 4 meals a day. Russian people have breakfast in the morning, dinner in the middle of the day and supper in the evening. In England meal-times are as follows: breakfast is between 7 &9 a.m., lunch time is between 12 and 2p.m., tea time is between 4& 5 p.m. and dinner (or supper) time is between 7 &9 p.m.

We may have our meals at home or at a canteen (a cafe, a restaurant). Before having our meal we must cook our food. There are different ways of cooking it: boiling, frying, roasting, stuffing.

Before having our meal we lay the table. We spread the table cloth and put on napkins. We take cups, glasses, saucers, spoons, forks and plates out of cupboard. Then we cut bread into slices and put them on a bread plate. We put some butter into a butter-dish and some salt into a salt-celler. When everything is ready the table is set and the soup is brought from the kitchen, we say "Dinner is ready" and the family sits down to table. If there is a visitor, he is served first.

At the table the hostess may say to the visitor: help yourself to smth or Would you care for another helping? When people are at the table , they may ask their neighbour for smth which they cannot easily reach themselves. In this case they say - may I trouble you for smth. When we get up from the table we clear the table and wash the dishes.

Sometimes we prefer to have our meals at the restaurants or cafes. It saves time and is more convenient for us. We choose dishes to our taste from the menu and either call the waiter or if it is a self-service department - take them ourselves and pay for them at the cash-desk. We may order all sorts of dishes: hors d'oeuvres, various soups,, meat or fish dishes, fruit, sweets and drinks. When we order smth we usually say: for the first course I'd have this, for the main course I'd take this. When the dinner is over, the waiter brings the bill and we pay for our meal.

Russian cuisine is famous all over the world. Russian national cuisine passed an extremely long way of development marked by several large stages which left an indelible traces.

In early times the quantity of dishes under the names was huge, but all of them under the contents differed one from another by little. In the beginning of 9-10 centuries Russian bread from sour (yeast) rye dough - uncrowned king on our table-has appeared. Various kashas also occupied large place in the menu, they were originally considered to be ritual solemn food. They are quite urgent even nowadays.

On cookery of 17 century strong influence was rendered by oriental, first of all Tatar kitchen. In this period Russian cuisine accepted the dishes from the unleavened dough - noodles, pelmeni, and also -raisin, dried apricots, figs, lemons and tea.

The Russian always used spices and seasonings , cooks skillfully combined them with fish, mushrooms, game, pies, soups, gingerbread, Easter cakes, they used them cautiously, but constant and indispensable. Since 17^th century people have begun to use spices, as well as salt and vinegar not during preparation of food but put them on the table because of high prices.

There are also many sweet teeth in Russia, they prefer various cookies, buns, wafers, pies and so on. Lots of people eat junk food such as hot dogs, pizzas, chips, sandwiches, hamburgers, and shakes.

Nobody in Russia can survive a day without tea or coffee. Boiled potatoes, vodka and herring are considered to be traditional dishes, partly it's true. To a less degree, than the soups, fish dishes saved the initial importance on Russian table.

In big cities we can find restaurants where foreign cuisine is served, but there are some special AutoCAD on suburbs where we can snack Armenian or Georgia cuisine, something like shashlik or shaurma. City fast food restaurants are also very popular.

Usually the Russian eat 3 times a day, but most of us snack all the time, but we try not to eat too late. We must remember that junk-food is harmful for our health. Junk-food diets may lead young people into crime and delinquency. British research has shown that poor quality foods and low level of vitamins can cause aggressive , anti-social behavior in young offenders. The iron vitamin, for example, is needed to produce the enzymes which keep down the body's adrenaline levels. Without those enzymes, excess adrenaline makes a person excitable and undisciplined. If someone goes without the proper vitamins all the time, their whole character may change.

Busy people prefer to buy freeze-dried or ready-made food to save time.

I would like to try English food because I know many humorous sayings about English food. E.g. Bernard Shaw said : If the English can survive their food, they can survive anything. George Mikes said:

On the Continent people have good food; in England people have good manners. Or one more saying:

English cooking? You just put things into boiling water and then take them out again after a long while. In London you can eat Thai, Portuguese, Japanese, Russian, Polish, Swiss, Spanish - but where are the English restaurants? The British have in fact always imported food from abroad. English kitchens, like the English language , absorbed ingredients from all over the world - chickens, rabbits, apples and tea. All of these and more were successfully incorporated into British dishes. However, World War II changed everything. Wartime women had to forget 600 years of British cooking, leam to do without foreign imports and ration their use of home-grown food. The Ministry of food published cheap, boring recipes. The joke of the war was a dish called Woolton pie (named after the Minister for Food). This consisted of a mixture of boiled vegetables covered in white sauce with mashed potato on the top. British never managed to recover from the wartime attitude to food. However, there is still one small ray of hope. British pubs are often the best places to eat well and cheaply in Britain. Their steak and mushroom pie, Lancashire hotpot, and bread and butter pudding are three of the gastronomic wonders of the world.

5.At  the Customs house

The procedure of passing the customs is almost the same in every country. The moment a traveler crosses the border his luggage is taken to the customs house by porters. Every country has its own customs regulations, which stipulate what articles are liable to duty and what are duty-free. Sometimes an article, which falls under customs restrictions and is liable to duty, is allowed in duty-free if the traveler does not exceed a certain fixed quota. These are listed in a duty-free quota list. Customs restrictions also include a prohibited article list. This is a list of interns, which may not be brought into a country or taken out of it. An official paper (from the proper authorities) giving permission to take items, which fall under special customs restrictions, in or out of a country is known as an import or export license.

If the traveler has any item, which comes under customs restrictions, he is asked to declare it. That is, he is asked to name the item, stating its value and other particulars. The declaration is made either orally or in writing on a special form. The practice seems to vary in different countries. Upon payment of duty the traveler is given a receipt. As a rule personal items are duty-free.

It sometimes happens that a passenger's luggage is carefully one through in order to prevent smuggling.

The formalities at file customs house usually take some time. Only after passing through the customs (Only when one's luggage has been cleared by the customs) does one realize that his journey is drawing to an end (or beginning, as the case might be). Though the procedure of passing customs in different countries is almost the same, the customs rules and regulations can differ a lot. 

5. The customs house. Passport control

Customs is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting customs duties (tax on the import or export of goods) and for controlling the flow of people, animals and goods (including personal effects and hazardous items) in and out of the country. Depending on local legislation and regulations, the import or export of some goods may be restricted or forbidden, and the customs agency enforces these rules. The customs agency may be different from the immigration authority, which monitors persons who leave or enter the country, checking for appropriate documentation, apprehending people wanted by international search warrants, and impeding the entry of others deemed dangerous to the country.

Border controls are measures used by a country to monitor or regulate its borders. Border controls exist to:

• regulate immigration (both legal and illegal)
• control the movement of citizens
• collect excise tax
• prevent smuggling of drugs, weapons, endangered species and other illegal or hazardous material
• control the spread of human or animal diseases (see also quarantine)

At the moment a traveler crosses the border his luggage is taken to the customs-house by porters. Every country has its own customs regulations, which stipulate what articles are liable to duty and what are duty-free. Sometimes an article which falls under customs restrictions and is liable to duty is allowed in duty-free if the traveler doesn’t exceed a certain fixed quota. These are listed in a duty free quota list. Customs restrictions also include a prohibited articles list. This is a list of items which may not be brought into a country or taken out of it. An official paper giving permission to take items, which fall under special customs restrictions, in or out of a country is known as an import or export license. If the traveler has any item which comes under customs restrictions he is asked to declare it. That is, he is asked to name the item, stating its value and other particulars. The declaration is made in writing on a special form. As a rule personal items are duty-free. It sometimes happens that a passenger’s luggage is carefully gone through in order to prevent smuggling. The formalities at the customs-house usually take some time. Only after passing through the customs does one realize that his journey is drawing to an end (or beginning).  The next formality is filling in the immigration form and going through passport control. Passport control is an area, for example in an airport or a railway station, where your passport is checked when you go from one country to another.

5. The customs house. Passport control

The moment a traveller crosses the border his luggage is taken to the customs-house by porters. Every country has its own customs regulations, which stipulate what articles are liable to duty and what are duty-free. Sometimes an article which falls under customs restrictions and is liable to duty is allowed in duty-free if the traveller doesn´t exceed a certain fixed quota. These are listed in a duty free quota list. Customs restrictions also include a prohibited articles list. This is a list of items which may not be brought into a country or taken out of it. An official paper giving permission to take items, which fall under special customs restrictions, in or out of a country is known as an import or export licence. If the traveller has any item which comes under customs restrictions he is asked to declare it. That is, he is asked to name the item, stating its value and other particulars. The declaration is made in writing on a special form. As a rule personal items are duty-free. It sometimes happens that a passenger´s luggage is carefully gone through in order to prevent smuggling. The formalities at the customs-house usually take some time. Only after passing through the customs does one realize that his journey is drawing to an end (or beginning). The next formality is filling in the immigration form and going through passport control.

6.Post-office. Telecommunications

The post office runs some services. U can buy stamps, postcards, envelopes, send a telegram or post a letter from it, and cash a money order.

If u want to buy, to send or to receive smth. U must go to the right counter (Poste Restante, Parcel Post, Post Cards, Registered Letters, Book Post, etc). If u want to send a letter, u have to put it into an envelope, write the address and then go to the window “Registered Letter”, hand the letter to the clerk, who weighs on the scales and give u necessary stamps. The amount that u have to pay depends on the weight of the letter and distance. U can post an ordinary stamped letter or registered letter. If u post an ordinary letter u can drop it into the nearest pillar-box. (send parcels insured and otherwise). When sending a letter of particular value, u should have it registered (it will be delivered personally).  The sender is given a receipt, so he calls always trace the letter. The Poste Restante window keeps mail until called for (who prefer to pick up their mail in person).

The important thing when making out a money order is to write legibly. U may subscribe to magazines.

There are 3 types of telegram service: ordinary, urgent, express. U can send reply-paid tel. In the USA u will find Night (when the wires are least busy – there is a reduced charge for this form of service) and Day  Letter(is sent off immediately)  telegraph message. As u pay for the word it is advisable to use a special telegraph language which is known as “telegraphese”: prepositions and articles are omitted.

6. Post-office. Telecommunications

The General Post Office and local post offices have many duties. They not only deliver letters, telegrams, newspapers, but among other things, they pay out old-age pensions, subscribe for periodicals and take and deliver parcels. Inside the post office is a long counter divided into departments for parcels, stamps, registered and air-mail letters, telegrams, money-orders. There is a post-box in all post offices. If you want to send a telegram you’ll just ask for a telegram form at the post office counter and fill it in. You can send your telegram, letter or a document by fax. They will be reproduced and sent to and received by the addressee instantly. Perhaps you want to buy a stamp or a stamped envelope to send a letter, then go to the counter where they sell postcards, envelopes, blocks of stamps of different denomination or get them from a slot machine. When we have written a letter we sign it, fold it up and put it in an envelope. Don’t forget to write the mailing code. If your letter contains anything valuable, it is a good idea to register it. When you register a letter the clerk gives you a receipt and you pay the registration fee. If you go to the post office to send off a parcel you will have the parcel weighed at the parcels-counter. You may also have your parcel insured if you want to declare its value. If you want to send money by post you should fill in a money-order form stating the name of the payee, his address, as well as sender’s address, and the sum of money you are sending. The clerk takes your money together with the money-order and gives you a receipt. At the municipal service counter we pay the rent, electricity and gas bills, and the telephone rental. Suppose the postman arrived during breakfast and insisted that you leave the table and read your mail immediately. This is what most people allow the telephone to do. It has become a horrid instrument, always clamoring for attention with its whiny bell. Most people give it what it wants just to shut it up. On the other hand, people complain that they are often treated rudely by persons whom they telephone. Here are some  of the most common telephone problems and the methods to handle them. Some people can ask you what the proper number of rings is a caller should wait before hanging up. The answers may be six rings or perhaps eight and if you still suspect the person of lurking there, hang up and dial again. This gives you two chances to get the number right - and the person time to get out of the bath. Another problem may conclude in people’s social errors. For example, your friend call you at home and eat something during the entire conversation. In this way you should ask her by using perhaps oblique line of accusation to call back. If you made a telephone call in someone else’s house the question would be able to appear if you would pay for it. For local calls you can just ask if you can use the telephone without paying for the service. For long distance calls, ask the operator to charge it to your home number. Also you must remember that you should be polite when you speak on the telephone and you will have no problems with people.

In both Britain and the USA only the Post Office or Postal Service can deliver mail, though private couriers are allowed to offer express services. This competition has hurt the postal services. They have lost further business as electronic communication, such as e-mail, has become more common. Most homes in Britain and the USA have a telephone, and many people also have a mobile phone (AmE cellular phone) that they carry round with them. As well as being useful to business people, mobiles are now a fashion accessory, especially among younger people. Many people, however, get annoyed with those who use mobile phones in public places, such as on trains or in restaurants. Many families now also have a computer and use it to search the Internet and send e-mails.

Telecommunications system have gone through a technological revolution since the development of the telegraph by Samuel Morse in1844. the telegraph was used by the Western Union Company to deliver brief messages, and the company still offers telegraphic services using satellites and other modern technology, though computers and e-mail have largely removed their need. In the last 30 years or so developments in satellites, fibre optics (the use of thin transparent fibres to transmit light signals), broadband (the use of signals over a broad range of frequencies) and microwave (the use of  short electromagnetic waves) technologies have led to many new products. Videophones allow people to see each other while they talk. Voice mail can be used to leave a telephone message which is saved on a “mailbox computer” to be heard later. Teletext  services are available via the television screen. Many cable television companies provide telephone services as well as television and are developing broadband networks which will provide a range of integrated entertainment and telecommunications services.

6. Post-office. Telecommunications

The General Post Office and local post offices have many duties. They not only deliver letters, telegrams, newspapers, but among other things, they pay out old-age pensions, subscribe for periodicals and take and deliver parcels. Inside the post office is a long counter divided into departments for parcels, stamps, registered and air-mail letters, telegrams, money-orders. There is a post-box in all post offices. If you want to send a telegram you’ll just ask for a telegram form at the post office counter and fill it in. You can send your telegram, letter or a document by fax. They will be reproduced and sent to and received by the addressee instantly. Perhaps you want to buy a stamp or a stamped envelope to send a letter, then go to the counter where they sell postcards, envelopes, blocks of stamps of different denomination or get them from a slot machine. When we have written a letter we sign it, fold it up and put it in an envelope. Don’t forget to write the mailing code. If your letter contains anything valuable, it is a good idea to register it. When you register a letter the clerk gives you a receipt and you pay the registration fee. If you go to the post office to send off a parcel you will have the parcel weighed at the parcels-counter. You may also have your parcel insured if you want to declare its value. If you want to send money by post you should fill in a money-order form stating the name of the payee, his address, as well as sender’s address, and the sum of money you are sending. The clerk takes your money together with the money-order and gives you a receipt. At the municipal service counter we pay the rent, electricity and gas bills, and the telephone rental. Suppose the postman arrived during breakfast and insisted that you leave the table and read your mail immediately. This is what most people allow the telephone to do. It has become a horrid instrument, always clamoring for attention with its whiny bell. Most people give it what it wants just to shut it up. On the other hand, people complain that they are often treated rudely by persons whom they telephone. Here are some  of the most common telephone problems and the methods to handle them. Some people can ask you what the proper number of rings is a caller should wait before hanging up. The answers may be six rings or perhaps eight and if you still suspect the person of lurking there, hang up and dial again. This gives you two chances to get the number right - and the person time to get out of the bath. Another problem may conclude in people’s social errors. For example, your friend call you at home and eat something during the entire conversation. In this way you should ask her by using perhaps oblique line of accusation to call back. If you made a telephone call in someone else’s house the question would be able to appear if you would pay for it. For local calls you can just ask if you can use the telephone without paying for the service. For long distance calls, ask the operator to charge it to your home number. Also you must remember that you should be polite when you speak on the telephone and you will have no problems with people.

7.Shopping centers and supermarkets have become very popular all over the world. They have various departments or shops under one roof in one huge building. The shopping centers are very convenient for the customers. These spacious stores and supermarkets are well-stocked with a lot of beautifully-arranged goods. There you can buy practically all you need in the way of foods – groceries, meat, vegetables, fruit, dairy products,  bread and cakes, baby foods and many other things. The goods are ready packed and have clearly-marked prices on them; they are displayed on shelves, in reach-in refrigerator units or in trolleys and are always within easy reach for the customers. Many factors can explain the popularity of such shops: first of all they have an excellent assortment of goods; secondly, you have an opportunity to choose the goods you like – they are displayed openly for you to choose them; then, the service is swift there; you save a lot of your precious time if you buy everything in one shop, under one roof; and, which is also of great importance, you save your money, because large supermarket buy a lot of products on cheap, wholesale prices, and they sell them cheaper. Supermarkets are the self-serviced shops. People take special basket, go alone the aisles and put into the basket everything they want. When the shoppers choose the food, they need to come to the cashier. He scanners the prices with special device and gives the bill.

      At the confectionery counter you can buy all sorts of sweets, chocolates, cakes, fancy cakes etc. The bakery counter is well stocked with fresh white and brown bread, rings, rolls, buns, rusts etc. After that we come to the grocery department where you buy flour, cereal, tea, spices, sugar. Everything is sold ready-packed. Vegetable oils are sold ready-bottled. There is also a big dairy counter with a good variety of dairy products: sweet or salted, fresh butter, margarine, eggs, cheese, soft (cottage) cheese, bottled and loose milk, cream, sour cream.

At the greengrocery department you can buy potatoes, carrots, onions, cabbage, green peas, beetroot etc. If you want some fruits you can go to the fruit counter The household department sells things for your home from nails to gardening-tools, and labor-saving devices for the home.

         Nowadays we can buy a lot of things either for cash or on hire-purchase, that is the customer pays the deposit on the goods and pays off the balance in installments. Payment may be spread over the period of two years. This hire-purchase system helps people to buy such expensive things

7.Shopping. At the Supermarket.

I know a woman who likes to do grocery shopping but I also know a whole lot of people who hate it. People who hate shopping are likely to like supermarkets, those huge stores with a lot of arranged goods where you can buy practically all you need in the way of foods – groceries, meat, vegetables, fruit, dairy products, bread and cakes, baby foods and many other things. The goods are ready packed and have clearly-marked prices on them; they are displayed on shelves, in reach-in refrigerator units or in trolleys and are always within easy reach for the customers. Many factors can explain the popularity of such shops: first of all they have an excellent assortment of goods; secondly, you have an opportunity to choose the goods you like – they are displayed openly for you to choose from; then, the service is swift there; and, which is also of great importance, you save a lot of your time if you buy everything in one shop, under one roof.

So,  when I enter a supermarket I take a big, wheeled basket and roll it around from aisle to aisle. I buy milk, a packet of butter and a packet of margarine for cooking, then some meat, for example bacon or sausages or smth else. There is also shelves of sweet biscuits and cakes and I put some of them in my basket. I also buy many non-food items such as paper napkins, plastic wraps, laundry detergent, light bulbs. And fresh and frozen foods, canned goods, boxes, bags and bottles soon fill up my cart.  Some foods that have already prepared are also available in the supermarket. But there is one big danger in supermarket shopping: there are thousands of items within hand’s reach on the shelves, all attractively packaged. The temptation to buy things you don’t really need or want is very strong. Don’t be fooled by the pictures on the boxes, read labels. When I’ve loaded up my basket and checked my shopping list again to make sure I have everything I need, I go to a check-out counter. I unload everything on to the long counter near the cashier. The cashier will look at the price marked on every item I buy, ring it up on the cash register, and then total up the bill. The register will show me the amount I must pay and I hand my money to the cashier. While the groceries are being bagged, I count my change and then go home.