Шпаргалка по "Английскому языку"

In addition to controlling costs, the U.S. confronts the problem of those who cannot afford private health insurance and yet are not eligible for either Medicaid or Medicare. These may be individuals who are unemployed for a time, families close to the poverty line or those living in remote rural areas. Such individuals can go to public hospitals, where they can always receive treatment in an emergency, bur they often fail to obtain routine medical care that could prevent later chronic or serious illness.

Self-employed private physicians who charge a fee for each patient visit are the foundation of medical practice in the U.S. most physicians have a contractual relationship with one or more hospitals in the community and send their patients to this hospital. Some medical doctors are on salary. Salaried physicians may work as hospital staff members or residents, who often are still in training. Physicians often prefer to practice in urban areas or comfortable suburbs. As a result, many city areas and rural communities still lack sufficient physicians and adequate medical facilities.

    The Acts setting up the National Health Service in Britain came into force in 1948. Originally it was free but certain charges were introduced later and show a definite tendency to grow.

1. The general practitioners services. This includes the family doctor service, the dental service, the eye service and some other services. The practitioner services consist of the family doctor service, the dental service, and the pharmaceutical service. The doctor has the same freedom to accept or refuse patients as he wishes.
2. The local health and welfare authority services (comprising a range of home and clinical services for prevention, treatment or care).

        The cost of health and welfare services in Britain is met from general taxation, local rates and from charges paid by patients. There are charges for prescriptions, for dental treatment, for some other health services. The public is free to use the service, or any independent part of it as it please.

  The problem of drug abuse, the use of drugs for pleasure, is common in many countries, especially among young people, but using drugs is illegal in overwhelming majority of them. Most teenagers try drugs before they leave school, and many of them use drugs regularly, may be easily obtained from pushers on the streets, in schools, at nightclubs and elsewhere.

        The government could put a tax on drugs, as is the case with tobacco and alcohol, and the money could be used to help pay for medical treatment for people who become addicted. But many people are scared by the increasing use of drugs and do not believe that legalizing them is a solution.

 

 

 

 

9. Crime and Law Enforcement

     Burglary (= stealing from a house, Theft (= stealing goods or property), Car theft, Criminal damage or vandalism is an increasing problem. Murders and different types of assault (=violent attack) are usually widely reported by the media. Robbery (= taking p                                          roperty from a person by force) and mugging (= attacking someone in the street and stealing their property)

          US.Larceny (= theft) is also common. carjacking: criminals with guns enter cars that have stopped at traffic lights and make the driver leave the car, or drive to a place where there are not many people around. They take the car, and any money or jewellery, but usually leave the driver unharmed.

Britain has 52 regional police forces, which are responsible for maintaining law and order in their own area. London has two police forces. The Criminal Investigation Department (CID) is based at New Scotland Yard Each regional police force is led by a Chief Constable. Police officers wear dark blue uniforms, and constables wear tall hard helmets.

At national level, the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) has about 10,000 special agents who investigate crimes across the US. The members of the US police force who have most contact with the public are uniformed officers, who patrol in cars and are the first to arrive when a crime is reported. More serious crimes are investigated by detectives, who usually wear plain clothes instead of a uniform. In spite of the fact that police officers in the US wear guns, they are seen by many Americans as being honest, helpful people who work hard at a dangerous job.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

19.Family relations. Generation         Gap

A family may include parents and their children, grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins, as well as more distant relatives. But when British and American people use the word family they often mean only a mother, father and their children.

The problem of the relationship between generations is the problem of the relationship in a family, between the old and young generation mostly.

The main problem of the most families is the problem when the young and the adult don’t understand each other, the so-called “gen.gap” that is a gap in views between parents and teenagers. The root of the problem is the difference in years. Children want to be independent, prefer to make their own mistakes especially they become older. But their parents still think they are children and continue to treat them if they were small. Sometimes teenagers run away from their parents because they need freedom in choosing clothes, friends and music.

The problem of money is important well. Parents buy all things their children need. Very often kids treat their parents as money-bags for receiving pocket money. In result some young people try to find part-time job or to work in holidays.

Yong people want to look older and more independent. They do silly things. Both boys and girls begin to smoke and drink alcoholic drinks. Some of them start using drugs and become drug addicts.

The bridge over the generation gap is the way of confidence and compromise. So called post-adolescence is one of the compromises examples.

Many families are disturbed each year as a result of divorce. In the US about half of all married couples get divorced.

Many children are brought up in single-parent families (= families in which children are looked after by their mother or father, not both) and only see the other parent occasionally. Other children have two homes and divide their time between them. If their parents remarry  the children may have to fit into a stepfamily. They may later have half-brothers or half-sisters from the new marriage. Families in which some children are adopted or fostered) because their own parents cannot take care of them are not uncommon.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

14. Education.

    Children are required to be in full-time education between the ages of 5 and 16.        Most children go to state schools. These schools receive money direct from central government are run by a board of governors consisting of parents and members of the public. Some children go to independent schools run by private organizations, for which their parents have to pay fees. The British education system aims to educate the whole person, so that each child develops his or her personality as well as gaining academic knowledge.

Many students go to university and study for a bachelor's degree. Others study for a certificate or diploma at a college of further education.

        Public schools are, in most of Britain, independent schools and, despite their name, are not part of the state education system. Schools run by the state are called state schools. A small number of children from less wealthy families win scholarships, in which case their fees are paid for them.

Most pupils go to public school at the age of 13, after attending private prep schools. The majority of public schools are boarding schools where students live during term-time.

In the US a public school is a school run by the government. Schools that students have to pay to attend are called private schools. There are many private schools in the US, some of which are boarding schools. They are very expensive, have a high reputation, and many of their students come from rich and well-known families. Children often go to the same school as their parents. Private schools in the US are often single-sex and their students usually wear a uniform. This is unusual in public schools. Parents choose a private school for their children for a number of reasons, but in general they believe that the quality of education is higher in private schools, and there is some evidence to support this. Most private schools offer scholarships to students from poorer families, and in some parts of the US the government may under certain circumstances pay for children to attend a private school.

   Although many Americans attend nursery school, day care or pre-school from an early age, formal education is usually considered to begin at the age of 5 when children go to kindergarten, the first step in the K12 education. Kindergarten and the next five or six years of education, first grade, second grade, etc., are together usually called elementary school (the term primary school is less common in the US than in Britain). Grades 7 to 12 are part of secondary school, and may be divided in different ways. In some places grades 7 and 8 are called junior high school. Other school systems have middle school, which lasts for 3 years. High school usually covers four years, from the 9th to the 12th grades.

        Post-secondary education, after 12th grade, is not free though state governments which run most of the educational institutions subsidize the cost for people who live in the state.

Most colleges offer classes only for undergraduate students studying for a bachelor's degree. Community colleges offer two-year courses leading to an associate's degree, and afterwards students transfer to a different college or university to continue their studies. Universities are larger than colleges and also offer courses for graduate students who study in graduate school. Many universities also have separate professional schools, e.g. a medical school or a law school.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

15.Art and museums

Many people have a hobby that involves collecting things, e.g. stamps, postcards or antiques. In the 18th and 19th centuries wealthy people travelled and collected plants, animal skins, historical objects and works of art. They kept their collection at home until it got too big or until they died, and then it was given to a museum.

        The parts of a museum open to the public are called galleries or rooms. Often, only a small proportion of a museum's collection is on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research. A person in charge of a department of a museum is called a keeper. Museum staff involved in the care and conservation of items are sometimes called curators.

In Britain, the largest museums are the British Museum, the Science Museum, the Natural History Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum. National museums receive money from the government but not enough to cover their costs, and visitors to museums usually have to pay to go in. Some people believe that this is wrong, because a museum's exhibits belong to the nation.

The National Gallery is London’s leading art museum with over 2,200 paintings, most kept on permanent display. The collection includes everything from early works by Giotto, in the 13^th century, to 20^th-century Picassos, but its particular strengths are in Dutch, early Renaissance Italian and 17^th-century Spanish painting.

        The National Gallery has flourished since its inception in the early 19^th century. In 1824 George IV persuaded a reluctant government to buy 38 major paintings, including works by Raphael and Rembrandt, and these became the start of a national collection. The collection grew over the years as rich benefactors contributed works and money. The main gallery building was designed in Neo-Classical style by William Wilkins and built in 1834-8. To its left lies the new Sainsbury Wing, financed by the grocery family and completed in 1991. It houses some spectacular early Renaissance art.

     Louvre. The palace stands on the site of a fortress built for Philip II Augustus in 1214. In 1546 Francis I had the old castle demolished and gave orders for the construction of a new palace. Over the course of the centuries this has gone through enlargements, periods of neglect, and restorations, the most recent of which has led to the creation of the Grand Louvre with an exhibition area of 70,000 square meters. Opened to the public in 1793, its collection was the result of centuries of a passion for art on the part of French sovereigns. It was Francis I (1515-47) who created the nucleus of the collection, summoning artists like Leonardo, Rosso Fiorentino, and Cellini to his residence at Fonainebleau and commencing the construction of the Louvre.

Manet, Degas, Renoir the The Impressionists; neoimpressionists; renaissance

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

20. Mass media.

Mass Media include newspapers, magazines, radio and TV/

     Many British families buy a national or local newspaper every day. Some have it delivered to their home by a paper boy or paper girl; others buy it from a newsagent or a bookstall. National dailies are published each morning except Sunday. Local daily papers, which are written for people in a particular city or region, are sometimes published in the morning but more often in the early evening.

      The US has only one national newspaper, USA Today. The rest are local. A few newspapers from large cities, such as the New York Times and The Washington Post, are read all over the country. . Large cities have news stands, small covered areas on the street, and smaller towns have vending machines from which people take a paper after putting in money.

Britain has two kinds of national newspaper: the quality papers and the tabloids. The qualities, often called broadsheets because they are printed on large pages, report national and international news and are serious in tone.

The main quality dailies are the Times and the Daily Telegraph The tabloids have a smaller page size and report news in less depth. They concentrate on human-interest stories (= stories about people), and often discuss the personal lives of famous people. Some have page-three girls, photographs of half-naked young women. The most popular are the Sun, the Mirror, the Express and the Daily Mail.

 

Many magazines are of general interest. Some of these are aimed specifically at women, men, or young people, while others cover a hobby or leisure interest, e.g. sailing. Other magazines are for specialists in a particular field. In Britain there are nearly 7 000 weekly and monthly magazines. General-interest magazines, also called consumer magazines, concentrate on subjects of interest to many people. In Britain these include Ideal Home, Garden News, BBC Good Food Magazine, Mother and Baby.

     In Britain, the newspaper industry, often called Fleet Street, has a major influence on public opinion and is a strong force in political life. The freedom of the press to publish whatever it wants, without the government interfering, is considered important. Newspapers get material from several sources. Staff reporters write about national or local news. Major newspapers also have their own foreign correspondents throughout the world.

     There are state, public and commercial TV stations in the world. Radio is widespread for its portability. It can be easily around. There are 2 kinds of radio stations: informative and musical.

   The youngest kind of MM is global computer net called Int. At present time people can find any infor. About everyth. It gives people the freedom of speech and self-expression. In/ is the most advanced and fast-growing kind of digital media.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

8. Entertainment

    Nowadays, theatre, cinema and discotheque are the most popular ways of relaxation and entertainment. Of course, among this ways of entertainment, theatre has the longest history, beginning from ancient Greece and Rome. In my opinion, Moscow and London are the world’s great stages, which offer an extraordinary range of theatrical entertainment.  

     London can offer theatre performances for everyone’s taste and possibilities.

    Of course our city Vladivostok doesn’t stand aside from theatrical life. We have several popular theatres: Gorky drama theatre, Chamber theatre, Pushkin theatre and others. The tickets here are much less expensive than in Moscow: from 50 to 200 rubles. Guest performances are not a rare thing in Vladivostok, though the price for them is higher: from 200 to 600 rubles. 

  I myself am not a great theatre-goer, I most likely a cinema-goer. From the invention of Lumiere brother’s cinema is one of the most favorite ways of entertainment. But with invention of video-tapes and videotape recorders less and less people went to cinema. And it very pleasant to me that after a short period of “home cinema”, when people preferred to stay at home and watch video films, today people more and more frequently go to cinemas. The reason for this maybe that a lot of big cities have modern, comfortable cinemas, where you can watch new Hollywood movies at the same time as America and Europe.

        You can go to large, multi-screen complexes with more than 12 cinema halls and ticket prices starting from 200 rubles. Such complexes are of modern American style with bar with high chairs, pop-corn and cola machines, Dolby surround system.

               In London you’ll be able to hear the best music, ranging from classical jazz and rock to rhythm and blues, while dedicated movie buffs can choose from hundreds of different films each night, both in large, multi-screen complexes and excellent small independent cinemas. Sports fans can watch a game of cricket at Lords, cheer on oarsmen on the Thames or eat strawberries and cream at Wimbledon.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. Sightseeing. Getting around    town

           Nowadays the system of public transportation is very advanced and continues to improve for faster and more comfortable traveling. For example, creation of the underground has resolved to some extent such a serious problem as lasting many hours traffic jam. In some countries people still prefer more simplified kind of vehicle. In China, for example, it is a bicycle. Because many poor people just can’t afford to go by paid-transport. When u arrive in a new city for sightseeing or smth. Else, u may across some difficulties concerning public vehicles, especially abroad.

          In big cities u will find subway systems which are generally extremely noisy and crowded during morning and evening rush hours, but u can get almost everywhere relatively quickly on a subway. Before taking the train at the subway station u should buy a token, then deposit it in a slot so u can push the turnstile to gain entrance to the area where the train stops. In some countries, having bought a token at the subway, u can use it for fare by bus.

           Having arrived in a big city for sightseeing, sometimes it would be very difficult to get your bearings with the map of the city.

              London is a busy            commercial and cultural center. Many important financial organizations, including the Bank of England and the Stock Exchange, are located in the area called the City. Part of the old port in east London has been redeveloped as a business center, called Docklands. In the West End there are theatres/ cinemas, museums and shops.(УД) Many people who work in London commute by train or bus from the suburbs because buying a house or flat near the centre is very expensive. Different parts of the city are linked by the famous red London buses, black taxi cabs and the London Underground, often called the Tube.

        People from all over the world have been attracted to London and it is now a cosmopolitan, multicultural city. People from other parts of Britain sometimes think that it is very noisy and dirty. Many go there only for the bright lights – the theatres round Shaftesbury Avenue or the shops of Oxford Street. Others take their children to see the sights, such as Buckingham Palace, where the Queen lives, and the clock tower from which Big Ben sounds the hours. Young people are attracted to the bars and comedy clubs of Covent Garden, to live music concerts, and to the stalls of Camden market. In the year 2000 many people visited the Millennium Dome.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. Traveling by air

Modern life is impossible without traveling. Thousands of people travel every day either on business or for pleasure. They can travel by railway, by sea and by train.

Traveling by train is slower than by plane, but it has its advantages. U can see much more interesting places of the country u are traveling through. Modern trains have very comfortable seats. There are also sleeping cars and dining cars, which make even the longest journey enjoyable. Speed, comfort and safety are the main advantages of trains and plains. That is why many people prefer them to all other means.